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Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Information Levels

A

Individual, Department, Enterprise

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2
Q

Information Formats

A

Document, Presentation, Spreadsheet, Database

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3
Q

Information Granularities

A

Detail (fine), Summary, Aggregate (coarse)

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4
Q

Typical organization structure

A

Pyramid

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5
Q

As you move up the pyramid, people deal…

A

less with the details and more with meaningful aggregations of information

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6
Q

Transactional Information

A

Encompasses the information contained within a single business process or unit of work. Its primary purpose is to support daily operational tasks (OLTP).
- repetitive tasks

ex:
- Withdrawing cash from an ATM
- Making an airline reservation
- purchasing stocks
- daily sales
- hourly employee payroll
- product orders
- shipping an order

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7
Q

Analytical information

A

Encompasses all organizational information. Its primary purpose is to support managerial analysis tasks (OLAP).
- Includes transactional information along with external organizational information such as market, industry, and economic conditions.
- Used to make ad-hoc decisions

ex:
- trends
- sales
- product statistics
- future growth projections
- cost/benefit analysis
- sales forecast
- market trends
- industry trends
- regulations

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8
Q

Ad-hoc decisions

A

Based on analytical information
ex:
- building a new plant
- hiring people
- reducing workforces
- introducing a new product

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9
Q

Real-time information

A

immediate, up-to-date information

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10
Q

Real-time systems

A

provide information in response to query requests

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11
Q

Batch systems

A

information is processed once a day or once a week

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12
Q

What is relative to each business decision?

A

The interpretation of the work “timely.”
- 911 needs immediate information (real-time)
- stock trading needs immediate information (real-time)

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13
Q

Problems with the proliferation of master files:

A
  • often the same information was stored in multiple master files
  • it was more difficult to effectively integrate data and obtain an organization-wide view of the data
  • the same information may not have been consistent between files
    –> if a student changed his or her name, it may be updated in one master file but not another
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14
Q

How does the database approach view information?

A

As an organizational resource that should be used by, and managed for, the entire organization, not just the originating department or function.
- Focus = integration, consistency, and sharing

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15
Q

How is integration achieved?

A

By combining master files into larger pools of data that can be accessed by many application programs.

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16
Q

What is the Database System.

A

The combination of the database, the DBMS, and the application programs that access the database.

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17
Q

Data Model

A

An abstract representation of the contents of a database.

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18
Q

Relational Data

A

Represents everything in the database as being stored in tables.

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19
Q

Data Dictionary

A

Also known as a Data Encyclopedia:
- contains ALL information about the structure of the database.

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20
Q

For each data element stored in the database…

A

There is a corresponding record in the data dictionary describing it.

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21
Q

Every DBMS must provide a means of performing the three basic functions:

A

1) Creating/maintaining the structure of the database
2) Maintaining the data in the database
3) Querying the data from the database

–> the sets of commands used to perform these functions are referred to a the data definition, data manipulation, and data query languages

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22
Q

The data definition language (DDL) is used to…

A
  • build the data dictionary
  • create and maintain the structure of the database
  • describe the logical views for each individual user or programmer
  • specify any limitations or constraints on security imposed to database records or fields
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23
Q

What is the data manipulation language (DML) used for?

A

data maintenance

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24
Q

What does DML include?

A
  • inserting rows in the database
  • updating data in the database
  • deleting rows in the database
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25
What is used to query the database?
The data query language (DQL or SQL)
26
What does DQL or SQL do?
Retrieve, sort, order, and present subsets of the database in response to user queries.
27
Entity or Table
A person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored.
28
Rows or Records
Occurrences of an entity.
29
Attributes, Fields, or Columns
Characteristics or properties of an entity.
30
Primary key
A field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given row in a table.
31
Foreign key
A primary key of one table that appears as an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables.
32
The primary key/foreign key relationship...
is what puts the "Relational" in a Relational Database!
33
The cardinality of a relationship...
indicates how many occurrences of one entity in the relationship can be linked to a single occurrence of the other entity in the relationship.
34
How are cardinalities expressed?
As a pair of numbers. - first number is the minimum - second number is the maximum
35
Advantages of a Relational Database from a business perspective include:
1) Reduced information redundancy 2) Increased information integrity (quality) 3) Increased information security 4) Increased flexibility 5) Increased scalability and performance
36
What is a good comparison to explain databases?
Spreadsheets
37
What are the limitations when using a spreadsheet?
- Limited number of rows and columns (65,536 rows by 256 columns) - only one user can access the spreadsheet - users can view all information in the spreadsheet - uses can change all information in the spreadsheet
38
Data bases reduce...
information redundancy.
39
Redundancy
The duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places.
40
Primary problem with redundant information?
Inconsistency
41
What is one of the primary goals of a database?
To eliminate information redundancy by by recording each piece of information in only one place.
42
Information integrity
A measure of the quality of information.
43
Integrity constraints
Rules that ensure the quality of information.
44
Operational integrity constraints
Rules that enforce basic and fundamental information-based constraints. ex: - must have one and only one customer for every order
45
Business-critical integrity constraints
Business rules vital to an organization's success that often require more insight and knowledge than operational integrity constraints. ex: - discount <= 100%
46
Rational integrity constraint
Rule that enforces basic and fundamental information-based constraints
47
Business-critical integrity constraint
Rule that enforce business rules vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints.
48
Define two relational integrity constraints for an ordering system:
- Users cannot create an order for a nonexistent customer - An order cannot be shipped without an address
49
Can you define two business-critical integrity constraints for an ordering system?
- product returns are not accepted for fresh product 15 days after purchase - a discount maximum of 20%
50
Information is...and...
an organizational asset & must be protected
51
Database security features:
- Passwords - Access levels - Access controls
52
Passwords
Provide authentication of the user
53
Access levels
determine who has access to the different types of information
54
Access controls
Determine types of user access, such as read-only access.
55
Why would you want to define access level security?
Access levels will typically mimic the hierarchical structure of the organization and protect organizational information from being viewed and manipulated by individuals who should not have access to the sensitive or confidential information.
56
A well-designed database should:
- handle changes quickly and easily - provide users with different views - have only one physical view - have multiple logical views
57
Physical view
Deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device such as a hard disk.
58
Logical view
Focuses on how users logically access information to meet particular business needs.
59
What allows each user to access database information differently?
The separation between logical and physical views.
60
What would happen if a new database called “RealData” hit the market and allowed only one logical view?
The “RealData” database simply would never sell. With only one logical view every person in an entire organization would have the same view.
61
What does the student view display when a student accesses the school’s student database?
Courses enrolled, grades, tuition, credits for graduation, etc.
62
What does the instructor view display when an instructor accesses the school’s student database?
Courses teaching, students in each course, payment information, vacation time, etc.
63
A database must...
scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels.
64
Scalability
Refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands.
65
Performance
Measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction.
66
Database management systems (DBMS)
Software through which users and application programs interact with a database.
67
Two primary forms of user interaction with a database:
Direct interaction – --> The user interacts directly with the DBMS -->The DBMS obtains the information from the database Indirect interaction – --> User interacts with an application (i.e., payroll application, manufacturing application, sales application) --> The application interacts with the DBMS --> The DBMS obtains the information from the database
68
ETL
Extraction, transformation, and loading

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