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Oceanography 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Components Needed For Life

A

Sunlight
Temperature
Salinity
Dissolved Oxygen
Acidity
Nutrients

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2
Q

Limiting Factors

A

Growth determined by limits of scarce resources

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3
Q

Essential Primary Nutrients

A

Required in large amounts
Ex. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur

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4
Q

Essential Secondary Nutrients

A

Required in lesser amounts
Ex.Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Chlorine

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5
Q

Trace Element Nutrients

A

Only required in minute amounts
Ex. Iron, Copper, Zinc

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6
Q

Biogeochemical Cycling

A

Nutrients constantly cycling between and within spheres and reservoirs

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7
Q

Source

A

Large flux
Short residence time

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8
Q

Sink

A

Small flux
Long residence time

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9
Q

Hydrologic Cycle

A

Cycling of water between spheres

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10
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Cycling between organic and inorganic carbon

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11
Q

Production

A

Transfers of carbon dioxide from atmosphere and oceans to organic matter

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12
Q

Respiration

A

Breakdown of organic matter to release energy

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13
Q

Burial
Carbon Cycle

A

Organisms that don’t decompose forming rocks and fossils fuels

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14
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

Cycling of nitrogen from atmosphere

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15
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Atmospheric nitrogen → Ammonia

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16
Q

Nitrification

A

Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrates

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17
Q

Assimilation

A

Nitrates consumed by producers
Enters the food chain

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18
Q

Denitrification

A

Nitrates broken down by bacteria
Releases atmospheric nitrogen

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19
Q

Phosphorous Cycle

A

Movement of phosphorous from sedimentary rocks through the spheres
Largest reservoir is sedimentary rocks

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20
Q

Weathering

A

Breakdown of rock
Releases phosphorous from rocks for transportation

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21
Q

Uptake

A

Aquatic producers intake phosphorous from water

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22
Q

Burial
Phosphorous Cycle

A

Decomposers breakdown organic matter contain phosphorous

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23
Q

Primary Production

A

Solar Energy → Glucose

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24
Q

Gross Primary Production

A

All energy produced by autotrophs

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25
Q

Net Primary Production

A

Energy remaining after respiration

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26
Q

Energy Flows

A

Flow in one direction
Enters via autotrophs
Exits through heat & respiration

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27
Q

Nutrient Cycles

A

Cycles through ecosystems
Organic matter broken down
Reused by autotrophs

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28
Q

Producers

A

Use photosynthesis to make energy

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29
Q

Primary Consumers

A

Consume producers

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30
Q

Secondary Consumers

A

Prey on primary consumers

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31
Q

Tertiary Consumers

A

Prey on secondary consumers

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32
Q

Detritivores

A

Scavenges waste and dead organisms

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33
Q

Decomposers

A

Breakdown organic matter

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34
Q

Energy Transfer Between Trophic Levels

A

Most energy used or lost by heat
Next level only receives 10% of biomass

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35
Q

Biomass

A

Collective mass of living matter in given time and place

36
Q

Food Chain

A

Shows flow of energy and feeding relationships between trophic levels

37
Q

Food Web

A

All interlinking food chains in given community
Map of energy flow

38
Q

Plankton

A

Floating organism that cannot swim or are weak swimmers

39
Q

Phytoplankton

A

Autotrophs
Have chloroplasts
Plant-like

40
Q

Zooplankton

A

Heterotrophs
No chloroplasts (can’t photosynthesize)
Animal-like

41
Q

Species

A

Classification of organism whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

42
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of same species that live in same geographic area and can breed

43
Q

Natural Selection

A

Certain inherited characteristics move favored
Strong outlive the weak

44
Q

Adaptation

A

Genes that lead to better reproductive success

45
Q

Mutant

A

Accidental change in DNA

46
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Closely related species in different environments have different traits

47
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Unrelated species living in similar environments may have similar traits

48
Q

Biodiversity

A

Variety of life on all trophic levels

49
Q

Speciation

A

Process in which new species are created

50
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Population physically separated over geographic distance
No interbreeding

51
Q

Taxonomy

A

Grouping of species into categories meant to reflect evolutionary relationships

52
Q

Invertebrates

A

Organisms with no backbone

53
Q

Alternation of generation

A

Colonial organisms in which each generation alternates between two forms

54
Q

Vertebrates

A

Contains all animals with bone or cartilage backbones

55
Q

Holoplankton

A

Always in plantonic phase

56
Q

Meroplankton

A

Only planktonic for portion of life

57
Q

Diotomes

A

Phytoplankton
Holoplankton

58
Q

Phylum Poriphera

A

Sessile
Benthic
Filter feeders
Ex: Sea Sponge

59
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

No pores, canals, or collar cells
Sensory tentacles
Muscle tissue
Nervous system
Nematocysts
Ex: Corals, Anemones, Jellyfish

60
Q

Nematocysts

A

Stinging cells with spring loaded mechanism

61
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Benthic
Sessile
Filter feeders
Ex: mussels, scallops, oysters

62
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

Grow by molting
Bilaterally symmetrical
Exoskeleton connected to muscle
Articulation
Ex: crabs, krill, barnacles, isopods

63
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Solitary
Spiny skin
Calcium carbonate armor
No nervous system
Vascular system used for respiration and movement
Ex: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

64
Q

Fish: Class Agnatha

A

Jawless fish
Circular mouth with ring of teeth
Ex: lamprey, hagfish

65
Q

Fish: Class Chondrichythes

A

Jaw and skeleton made of cartilage
Denticles
5-7 pairs of gills
Ex: sharks, rats, skates

66
Q

Fish: Class Osteichythyes

A

Jaws and skeleton made of bone
Largest vertebrate class
Breathe via gills
Ex: sunfish

67
Q

Camouflage and Cryptic Coloring

A

Fish morphology
Avoid detection by predators or prey

68
Q

Bright Colors

A

Ward off predators
Bright colors = toxic

69
Q

Countershading

A

Darker above and lighter below
Harder to see fish from above
Helps predators hunt

70
Q

Schools of Fish

A

Fish behavior
Safety In numbers
Increase of food and finding mate

71
Q

Marine Reptile Characteristics

A

Cold-blooded
Scales covering body
Lungs
Reproduce on land

72
Q

Marine Reptile: Family Cheloniidae

A

Marine Turtle
Majority of time spent In ocean
Reproduce on land

73
Q

Marine Reptile: Family Hydophidae

A

Sea Snake
Cold-blooded
Reproduce in ocean
Flattened bodies help with swimming

74
Q

Marine Reptile: Family Iguanidae

A

Only type of marine iguana
Only found on Galápagos Islands
Dive in coastal waters to graze

75
Q

Marine Reptile: Family Crocodylidae

A

Saltwater crocodiles
Coastal waters
Largest living reptile

76
Q

Marine Mammals Common Characteristics

A

Breathe air
Warm-blooded
Give birth to live young
Produce milk

77
Q

Marine Mammals Physical Characteristics

A

Stream lined bodies
High metabolic rate
Layers of fat/fur
High capacity lungs

78
Q

Order Cetacean: Odontocetes

A

Toothed whales
Smaller than baleen whales
Very intelligent
Ex: sperm whale, orcas, dolphins

79
Q

Order Cetacean: Mysticetes

A

Evolved later than toothed whales
Baleen: comb-like structures used as teeth
Ex: humpback whale, blue whale, bowhead whale

80
Q

Suborder Pinnipedia: Family Otariidae

A

Small with external ears
Long flexible heck’s
Independent and mobile limbs
Ex: sea lions, fur seals

81
Q

Suborder Pinnipedia: Family Phocidae

A

No undercoat
Internal ears
Less mobile on land
Ex: true seals

82
Q

Suborder Pinnipedia: Family Odobenidae

A

Distinct tusks
Ex: walruses

83
Q

Suborder Fissipedia

A

Live and forage Incoastal waters
Float on backs
High metabolic rate
Key stone species sea otters

84
Q

Order Sirenia

A

Aquatic herbivore mammals
Form family groups
Ex: sea cows, dugongs, manatees

85
Q

Marine Bird Characteristics

A

Warm-blooded
Feathers
Most have flight abilities

86
Q

Marine Bird Adaptations

A

Larger and stronger
Lightweight
Drink salt water
Long, pointed, and cupped wings
Ex: Albatrosses, pelicans, peguins

Oceanography 101 (3 decks)

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