exam 3 Flashcards
review
What are countries with rates of economic growth and democratization known as?
Middle income countries
What term is used to describe lower and middle income countries?
Developing countries
What are the characteristics of lower income countries?
Greater poverty, violence, and conflict
Define imperialism.
A system whereby a state extends its power to control territory, resources, and people beyond its borders
What is colonialism?
The physical occupation of foreign territory through military force
What is an empire?
A single political authority under sovereignty of a large number of external regions or territories of different people
How did colonialism affect gender roles?
Colonialism affected gender roles in colonies
What was the impact of African slaves being brought to Brazil?
Sharpened ethnic and racial divisions
What does dependent development refer to?
Replacement of a traditional agricultural economy
How were subsistence agriculture systems transformed?
Transformed into cash economies to pay for goods and labor
What was the goal of infrastructure in imperial contexts?
To facilitate effective extraction and exports
What challenges did post-imperialism face?
Creating effective political institutions
What historical event led to turmoil in Latin American colonies?
Napoleon’s invasion
What was a consequence of Napoleon’s invasion in Latin America?
A series of wars for independence
When did decolonization in Africa and Asia occur?
After WWII
What was France’s involvement in Algeria during the 1960s?
A brutal war to train Algeria
What ongoing struggles did decolonized countries face?
Political, social, and economic challenges
What is autonomy in a political context?
Ability to act independently
Define capacity in the context of a state.
State’s ability to fulfill basic tasks
What does weak capacity and high autonomy indicate?
Levels of corruption
Name three countries that experienced high levels of corruption.
- China
- Mexico
- Nigeria
What signifies the impact of imperialism on development?
Non-democratic regimes, lack of effective accountability, and trust in the rule of law
What challenges do developing countries face from powerful states?
Pressure from the United Nations, World Bank
What are some challenges to building state autonomy and capacity?
- Absence of professional bureaucracy
- Clientelism
- Rent seeking
- Corruption
What is sovereignty?
The authority of a state to govern itself
Who controls wealth in developing countries?
The control of the state, generating high inequality
What event led to the creation of South Sudan?
Separation from Sudan following a civil war
What is patrimonialism?
A system where ethnic or religious divisions are strong
How can gender and family be affected by imperialism?
Shaped by imperialism and influenced by rapid urbanization and commercialization of agriculture
What is neocolonialism?
An indirect form of imperialism where powerful countries overly influence the economy of less developed countries
What is import substitution?
A mercantilist strategy for economic growth that restricts imports to support locally produced goods
What was the outcome of the import substitution strategy used across Latin America post-WWII?
Created a ‘hot house economy’ leading to stagnation and compounded international debt
What did several Asian countries adopt instead of import substitution?
Export-oriented industrialization
Define neoliberalism.
A policy of economic liberalization adopted in exchange for financial support from liberal international organizations
What was the significance of the ANC victory in 1994?
Return of democracy in South Africa
What state spending initiatives were taken after the ANC victory?
- Building houses
- Providing electricity
- Healthcare
- Water
- Education
What has happened to economic inequality since the end of apartheid?
Grown dramatically
