Exam 3 Flashcards
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?
- Centers for vision and equilibrium appear in brain
- Development of musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax
- Head held upright
- Disc height becomes A>P
Age when infant holds head upright
3-4 months after birth
Location for the cervical kyphosis?
between occiput and C1
The vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and cervical enlargement?
Cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1
Infant activities associated with the development of the lumbar curve?
crawling and walking
Developmental events indicated in formation of the adult lumbar curve?
- Crawling will cause abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
- Muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
- Disc height will become greater A>P
- Walking promotes further muscle and disc devt.
Time of appearance of the lateral curves?
6 y/o
Relationship between curve direction and handedness?
Right handed person has high probability of right thoracic, left lumbar curve combo
Clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vert column? (3)
military neck, humpback/hunchback, swayback
What is military neck?
decreased anterior curve in cervical region, straight neck
What is swayback?
increase anterior curve in lumbar region
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
a lordosis or hyperlordotic curve
What are the curve classifications for hunchback?
a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, and structural/non-structural
What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
Cobb Method
Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?
infantile, juvenile, and adolescent
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of INFANTILE idiopathic scoliosis.
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of JUVENILE idiopathic scoliosis.
right thoracic, females over 6yo, 12-21% incidence
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of ADOLESCENT idiopathic scoliosis.
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence
What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?
the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen
Erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles? (3)
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates & inserts on ribs?
iliocostalis thoracis
Name the transversospinalis muscles
semispinalis, multifidus, rotators
How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?
As many as 9 vertebrae
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis cervicis?
transverse tubercles of T1-T5 or T6 & articular processes of C4-C7
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?
transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7 & articular processes of C4-C6
The semispinalis capitis and spinals capitis may fuse to form what muscle?
biventer cervicis
Which muscle(s) is representative of muscle layer 2 in the neck?
splenius cervicis, splenius capitis
Which muscle(s) is representative of muscle layer 3 in the neck?
semispinalis capitis, spinalis capitis
Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?
multifidis
Which molecules of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination?
Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum and multifidis lumborum
Which suboccipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?
obliquus capitis inferior
What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?
C2 spinous process and lamina
An increase in the density of the muscle spindles is most apparent in which sub occipital muscle?
obliquus capités inferior
Suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain?
Extraocular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei
What is the proposed function of the sub occipital muscle group?
postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?
Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
Which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves?
posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii
What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii?
- accessory and mammillary processes of L1-L4
Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of lumbar spinal nerves?
Medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii
Based on the density of muscle spindles, what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?
Acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
What is the insertion of the middle scalene?
Between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib.
What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?
Outer surface of second rib
The quadratus lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?
the iliolumbar ligament
What are the possible locations of BIPOLAR neurons?
The nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion
What are the possible locations of PSEUDOUNIPOLAR neurons?
any sensory ganglion other than those of the 8th cranial nerve
What are the examples of MULTIPOLAR neurons?
- Stellate neurons, the motor neurons of brain & spinal cord
- Pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex
- Protection neurons/Golgi type I Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex
- Local circuit neurons or Golgi type II granule cells of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and neurons of the motor ganglia
What od chemoreceptors monitor?
hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels
hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels
elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH
What is the site or location for chemoreceptors?
a glomus or body
What do baroreceptors monitor?
they monitor blood pressure by evaluating stretch or tension along the length of the receptor ending
What is the site or location for baroreceptors?
specialized vascular sinuses
What are the examples of exteroceptors?
a) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
b) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste
What are the examples of proprioceptors?
Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints
Where will the interoceptors be located?
in viscera, glands, and blood vessels
What are examples of interoceptors?
free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
What are the examples of epidermal nerve endings?
Palisade nerve endings, Merkels cell endings, Ruffini corpuscles or Ruffini nerve endings
What is the example of tactile corpuscles?
Meissner’s corpuscles
Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?
Lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles
What is the example of the neurotendinous nerve ending?
Golgi tendon organs
What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?
Peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers
Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion.
Sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses; motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses
What is another rename for a sensory neuron?
afferent neuron
What are the parts of a primary sensory neuron?
sensory receptor ending, peripheral sensory process, perikaryon, central sensory process, synaptic ending
Where is the cell body of a primary sensory neuron located?
in the sensory ganglion
What is the region in the encephalon where central sensory processes synapse?
nucleus of termination
What is the location for secondary sensory neurons in the encephalon?
nucleus of termination
What is the location for secondary sensory neurons in the spinal cord?
dorsal horn
Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?
oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI), hypoglossal (VII)
Muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?
trigeminal (V), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (XII)
What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?
oculomotor (III), facial (VII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), spinal nerves T10T12, L1, L2, and S2-S4)
Identify the type of motor pathway associated withe ash type of muscle
- somatic and branchial motor pathways terminate on skeletal muscle
- autonomic/involuntary/visceral pathways terminate on smooth and cardiac muscle
What are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nervous system?
sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric
What is the region in the central nervous system where sympathetic efferent neuron cell bodies for spinal nerves are located?
lateral horn of T1-T12, L1, L2 cord levels
What is the comparative length of the axons associated with the sympathetic efferent pathway?
- preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short
- postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long
What cells derived form the neural crest were emphasized in class?
secondary sympathetic efferent neurons and adrenal medulla chromaffin cells
Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?
oculomotor, facial , glossopharyngeal, vagus
Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which spinal nerves?
spinal nerves S2-S4
What is the comparative length of the axons associated with parasympathetic efferent pathways?
preganglionic = long postganglionic = short
What is the name given to a neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?
cholinergic; acetylcholine
What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?
somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons
Will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain?
no
What are the target organs for branchial efferents or somatic efferents?
skeletal muscles
What are the ultimate target organs for parasympathetic efferents?
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and specialized cells
which cranial nerves have sensory pathways that are atypical of the majority of sensory pathways?
olfactory (CNI), optic (CNII), and trigeminal (CNV)
What do somatic afferents monitor?
pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception
What do visceral afferents monitor?
baroreception, chemoreception, sensation from viscera
What do special visceral afferents monitor?
olfaction and taste
CNI is an example of which classification of sensory pathway?
special visceral afferent
What is the site for the detection of smell?
the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity
What is the morphological classification of the primary sensory neuron of CNI?
bipolar neuron
What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?
it’s an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia.
What do central processes of CNI bundle together to form?
fila olfactoria
What forms the true olfactory nerve?
fila olfactoria
What forms the classic olfactory nerve.
olfactory bulb and olfactory tract
What is the exit site for CNI
cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone
Secondary afferent neuron cell bodies of CNI are primarily located in what structure?
olfactory bulb
What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of CNI?
olfactory glomerulus’s
What is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of CNI
mitral cell
CNII is an example of which classification of sensory pathway?
special sensory
What are the receptor neurons of the second cranial nerve (optic)?
rod and cone photoreceptor cells
Function of rod cell
provide vision in dim light
Function of cone cell
provide vision in bright light and mediate color vision
Most numerous photoreceptor cell
rods
What is the primary afferent neuron of CNII
bipolar cell
Where are the primary sensory neurons of CNII
ganglion cell
What forms the optic nerve?
axons of ganglion cells
What is the exit site for CNII
optic canal of sphenoid bone
The optic nerve will enter which fossa of the cranial vault?
middle cranial fossa
What occurs at the optic chiasm?
part of the optic nerve decussates
What part of the visual pathway connects the optic chasm to the brain
the optic tract
axons carried in CNII will synapse in what specific location?
lateral geniculate nucleus
what is the location for territory neurons of the visual pathway
Primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum
At it’s apparent origin, CNIII conveys which classifications of neural pathways?
somatic efferent pathway and visceral efferent pathway
What is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for CNIII
oculomotor nuclear complex
what is the location of the apparent origin of the oculomotor nerve (CNIII)
the midbrain
The apparent origin of CNIII is first observed in which cranial fossa?
the posterior cranial fossa
From which cranial fossa will CNIII exit the cranial vault?
middle cranial fossa
What is the exit from the cranial vault for CNIII (oculomotor)?
superior orbital fissure, sphenoid bone
Which extrinsic muscles of the eye are innervated by CNIII?
medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, inferior oblique
Which non-ocular muscle is innervated by CNIII
levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid
Which visceral efferent pathway is conveyed in the oculomotor nerve?
a parasympathetic motor pathway
Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in CNIII originate from which nucleus?
accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger-Westphal
What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of CNIII?
ciliary ganglion
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of CNIII are carried ins which nerve?
short ciliary nerve
Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of CNIII synapse in what targets?
sphincter pupillae & ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in CNIII will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?
opthalmic division of trigeminal
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in CNIII travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cells bodies located in what ganglion?
Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion
Central sensory processes from the Gasserian ganglion are conveyed to the pons in what structure?
the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve
The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve will have an apparent origin from what part of the encephalon?
the pons
Typically primary afferent neurons of CNIII located in the semilunar ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?
spinal trigeminal nucleus
Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons?
mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
In the somatic origin CNIV conveys which classification of neural pathways?
somatic efferent pathway
In the somatic afferent pathway of CNIII, neurons within the mesencephalic nucleus may synapse at what locations?
oculomotor nuclear complex or spinal trigeminal nerve
What is the location for multipolar somatic efferent neurons of CNIV?
trochlear motor nucleus
Somatic efferent fibers from the left nucleus of CNIV will have an apparent origin from which side?
right side
What are the 2 unique features of the trochlear nerve?
- Apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain
2. Decussate within the midbrain from its nucleus
The right trochlear nerve will innervate which side target muscle?
the right side
The trochlear nerve will originate in which cranial fossa?
the posterior cranial fossa
The trochlear nerve exits the cranial vault by way of which opening?
superior orbital fissure; sphenoid bone
Somatic efferent fibers from the trochlear nerve will innervate which muscles?
Superior oblique extrinsic muscle of the eye
Does the apparent origin of CNIV contain somatic afferent fibers?
no
What part of the trochlear nerve contains somatic afferent fibers?
only the distal part of the nerve
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the trochlear nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?
opthalmic division of trigeminal
Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the trochlear nerve travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?
Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion or trigeminal ganglion
Trigeminal nerve is functionally referred to as the _____
great sensory nerve of the face
Trigeminal arises from what part of brain?
pons
Apparent origin of trigeminal is in what cranial fossa?
posterior cranial fossa
Identify each branch of trigeminal nerve arising from its ganglion.
Opthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve
What is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the trigeminal nerve?
opthalmic nerve – superior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve – foramen rotundum
mandibular nerve – foramen ovale
What location will each branch of the trigeminal pass into upon exit from the cranial vault?
opthalmic nerve – orbit
maxillary nerve – pterygopalatine region
mandibular nerve – infratemporal region
The motor root of cranial nerve V will join which division?
mandibular nerve
At its apparent origin, trigeminal nerve conveys which classifications of neural pathways?
somatic afferent pathway and branchial efferent pathway
Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve contain somatic afferent pathways?
all three
Central sensory processes carried in the trigeminal nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location?
mainly in the principal sensory nucleus; some in the trigeminal spinal nucleus
Branchial efferent fibers arise from multipolar neurons in what nucleus?
trigeminal motor nucleus
the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve exits the cranial vault via which opening and enters into what region of the head?
the foramen ovale; the infratemporal region
What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the trigeminal nerve?
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, ANTERIOR BELLY OF DIGASTRIC, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
What are the names of the muscles of mastication?
temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid
Peripheral sensory processes from receptors located in the muscles of mastication are conveyed in which branch of the trigeminal nerve?
mandibular division of trigeminal
Afferent neurons within the mesencephalic nucleus that are associated with sensation from the muscles of mastication will synapse at what locations?
trigeminal motor nucleus or spinal trigeminal nucleus
