exam 3

Question 1

Anti-trans legislation occurs at what gov
level and how many laws were passed

Answer 1

In the first three months of 2023, state lawmakers introduced 417 anti-transgender bills, almost double the 234 they’d put forth in 2021 and 2022 combined.

Question 2

Public opinion on transgender rights

Answer 2

The majority of Americans, 64 percent, say they strongly favor or favor legal protections for transgender people, compared to 10 percent who strongly oppose or oppose them

Question 3

Suicide attempts by trans/gender non-conforming people

Answer 3

41% roughly 10 times greater than the 4.6% of cis-gender

Question 4

How many of US population identify as transgender

Answer 4

.6% of adult population, around 300,000 people

Question 5

Violence against specific transgender populations

Answer 5

2021 update: At least 47 transgender and gender non-conforming people were killed in the United States last year

Question 6

Military percentage of support with transgendered identifying people in military

Answer 6

66 percent of respondents supported inclusion of trans people in the military

Question 7

Number globally with at least one type of disability

Answer 7

• 61 million American adults (27 percent) have at least one type of disability.
• 12.8 percent, cognition. “Serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions.”
• 12.1 percent, mobility. “Serious difficulty walking or climbing steps.”
• 7.2 perent, independent living.
• 6.1 percent, hearing.
• 4.8 percent, vision.
• 3.6 percent, self-care.
• Additionally, 7.5 million infants, toddlers, children, and youths with disabilities had an Individualized Education Program (IEP) in the 2020-2021 academic year.
• Globally, 1.3 billion people — 16 percent of the international population — have a disability.

Question 8

Basics of ADA

Answer 8

The (ADA) is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in all areas of public life. It is divided into five (5) areas of public life.

Question 9

Title I of ADA

Answer 9

EMPLOYMENT: Helps people with disabilities access the same employment opportunities and benefits available to people without disabilities. Applies to employers with 15 or more employees.

Question 10

Title II of ADA

Answer 10

PUBLIC SERVICES: STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT: Prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability by ‘public entities’ and requires them to make their programs, services and activities accessible to individuals with disabilities. This area includes public transportation and privately owned transportation providers who serve the public, such as airlines.

Question 11

Title III of ADA

Answer 11

PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS: Prohibits discrimination in public buildings and public facilities that are privately owned – such as hotels, retail outlets, restaurants, offices, health clubs, movie theaters, etc. Sets minimum standards for alterations of buildings and new construction

Question 12

Basics of Section 504

Answer 12

“No otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied he benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.”

Question 13

Representation

Answer 13

Representation is different from inclusion, in that it ensures that opportunities in education and the workplace are open to them.

Question 14

What five areas beyond section 504 and the ADA need to be improved

Answer 14

1. Airline travel
2. Policing
3. Voting
4. Healthcare
5. Poverty and employment

Question 15

Progress of U.N. 2015 sustainable development goals

Answer 15

“far off track,” “disappearing in the rearview mirror,” and “vastly insufficient” progress.
(leaving half the world behind)

Question 16

What is income distribution?

Answer 16

Across the globe, except in some Asian countries the gap in earnings between the top 10 percent and the bottom 10 percent has increased. Same with 1%

Question 17

Gini Index

Answer 17

Highest Gini score in 2022 was South Africa (63.0) Slovenia had the lowest and thus the greatest measured equality with a 24.5 score.
The U.S. had a coefficient of 41.5. The top 1 percent of earners average 40 times in the income of the bottom 90 percent. (Page 213)

Question 18

Jobs gap

Answer 18

Globally, the number of unemployed people was 191 million; another 262 million were not in the labor market, which brought the jobs gap to 453 million (11.7 percent).
29 cents for every $1 earned by men.

Question 19

Trends in global child marriage

Answer 19

In the wake of the pandemic, an additional 10 million girls are at risk of child marriage

Question 20

The three generations of human rights

Answer 20

The first generation of human rights were defined by civil and political rights.
The second focused on economic, social, and cultural rights.
A third generation of human rights have been defined—all people globally have the right to a healthy, unpolluted environment that is conducive to a safe and pleasant daily life.

Question 21

Global wars and violence

Answer 21

largest number of wars and armed conflicts being waged in 2021 and 2022 than at any time since the founding of the United Nations in 1946

Question 22

– Burdens and benefits of distributive justice

Answer 22

Burdens: Taxation, pollution, mandatory public service, and military service. These are socially constructed burdens
Benefits: Receipt of social safety net programs that provide food and health care, legal protections of civil and human rights.

Question 23

– Equality of opportunity

Answer 23

Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: (a) They are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and (b), they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society. (RAWLS)

Question 24

– Desert-based principle

Answer 24

Distributions that are sensitive to the effort or contributions that people make to the social surplus
Three conditions
1. Contribution
2. Effort
3. Compensation

Question 25

– Discretionary federal spending process vs. Mandatory federal spending process

Answer 25

Mandatory spending: Written into law.
Top three mandatory funding programs: Social Security, $1.21 trillion; Medicare ( $747 billion; and Medicaid (public insurance for low-income people), $592 billion.
Subjected to annual appropriation by Congress Non-defense, $910 billion; defense, $741 billion.
Other data show that 55 percent of discretionary spending went to national security in 2022.

Question 26

– Dwight Eisenhower’s final public speech as president

Answer 26

“In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.

“We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.”

Question 27

– Definition of “peacebuilding/positive peace”

Answer 27

Peace means actively engaging in the world to create one in which we all want to live. It’s hard work every day. It’s about making a commitment to a greater good”

Question 28

– John Stuart Mill

Answer 28

is the best known and most cited foundational statement on women’s rights because of its breadth, unambiguous language, and timing. “That the principle which regulates the existing social relations between the two sexes—the legal subordination of one sex to another—is wrong itself, and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a principle of perfect equality, admitting no power or privilege on one side, nor disability on the other

Question 29

The first wave of feminism

Answer 29

Beginning in 1848 and interwoven with the abolitionist and temperance movements, it sought women’s suffrage, equal opportunity in education and employment, and participation in politics.

Question 30

The second wave of feminism

Answer 30

Beginning in the mid-1960s and corresponding to the antiwar and civil rights movements, this wave began taking shape with the publication of Betty Friedan’s best-seller The Feminine Mystique in 1963, which articulated how women were annoyed with and harmed by their limited roles as wives and mothers.

Question 31

The third wave of feminism

Answer 31

Beginning in the mid-1990s, this movement focused more on the individual than the group. It introduced international and interracial intersectionality and found a unifying issue in the prevention of domestic violence against women.

Question 32

The fourth wave of feminism

Answer 32

It is still evolving but has rejected the use of the word feminism because of its “for-women-only” definition and exclusion of people who identify as nonbinary, transgender, or otherwise as members of the queer community.

Question 33

– Women’s voting rights and service in World War I

Answer 33

Before women were given the right to vote, they served openly in World War I. By June 1918, 3,000 American women, members of the Army Nurse Corps, cared for Allied troops and civilians in British-operated field hospitals near the front lines in France. Further, because of the large number of sailors deployed, 12,000 women served as noncommissioned naval officers in the United States. They filled noncombat clerical, translator, and radio and telephone operator positions

Question 34

– The ban on women serving in combat

Answer 34

1994 decision by President Bill Clinton’s defense secretary, Les Aspin, to rescind the “Risk Rule” and allow “service members … to be assigned to all positions for which they are qualified except that women shall be excluded from assignment to units below the brigade level whose primary mission is to engage in direct combat on the ground. The combat ban stood until lifted in January 2013 by President Barack Obama’s defense secretary, Leon Panetta,

Question 35

– The Equal Rights Amendment (very basic)

Answer 35

Splinters and splits within women’s movement, like most social and political movements. Led to drafting and first presentation of Equal Rights Amendment in 1923. It was drafted by suffragist Alica Paul.

Question 36

– Significance of Betty Friedan’s book

Answer 36

The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963, sold 3 million copies and articulated the frustration women had with their limited roles in society (ibid). Though highly influential as a personal account of a White, middle-class, and college-educated woman, Friedan’s book received criticism because it failed to include the perspectives of African American and lesbians.

Question 37

– Primary characteristics of Third-Wave Feminism

Answer 37

the readoption of symbols of femininity such as lipstick and revealing clothing that activists in the second wave had thrown out. The third wave introduced international and interracial intersectionality and found a unifying issue in the prevention of domestic violence against women.

Question 38

– Anita Hill

Answer 38

Birth of third-wave feminism was October 1991 television testimony of law professor Anita Hill in confirmation hearings of Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas.

Question 39

– What is intersectionality?

Answer 39

Intersectionality: How a person’s various identities — race, gender, sex, class, sexual orientation — can overlap into how they are treated by society

Question 40

– #MeToo and #5thWave

Answer 40

MeToo Movement. Started in 2006, reborn in 2017.

Alyssa Milano encouraged survivors to share their stories using the hashtag #MeToo following allegations against Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein