Exam 3 Flashcards
What is animal health?
The physiological well-being of an animal, beyond the presence or absence of infectious disease.
What factors affect animal health?
Infectious diseases, non-infectious diseases, stress, nutrition, temperature, sanitation, water availability, shelter, and animal density.
What does a healthy animal look like?
Bright eyes, smooth coat, ears/head up, and it stays with the herd/flock.
What does an unhealthy animal look like?
Listlessness, rough coat, drooping head, dull eyes, arched back, and separation from the group.
Define mortality and morbidity in animal health.
Mortality: Death loss. Morbidity: Diseased or unhealthy condition.
What is a zoonotic disease?
A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.
Name three zoonotic diseases.
Lyme disease, rabies, and anthrax.
What are methods of animal treatment?
Topically, orally, intra-nasally, subcutaneously (under the skin), intramuscularly, intravenously, and more.
What are common internal parasites?
Strongyles, roundworms, tapeworms, lungworms, and liver flukes.
What are common external parasites?
Ticks, lice, mites, flies, and horse bots.
What is grass tetany, and how can it be prevented?
A magnesium deficiency in blood causing convulsions and death; prevented by supplementing magnesium and avoiding immature grass grazing.
What is bloat, and how is it treated?
Excess gas in the rumen; treated with walking, mineral oil, or stomach tubing.
What is colic in horses, and what are its symptoms?
Abdominal pain; symptoms include rolling, kicking, sweating, and distended abdomen.
What is milk fever, and how is it treated?
A calcium deficiency during lactation; treated with calcium injections.
What is white muscle disease, and how is it prevented?
Selenium and vitamin E deficiency; prevented by supplementing diets with these nutrients.
What is hardware disease, and how can it be prevented?
Ingestion of sharp objects causing internal damage; prevented by keeping pastures clear and using magnets in feed.
What is the role of proper sanitation in animal health?
Prevents diseases by providing clean bedding, feed, water, and equipment.
How can stress be minimized in animals?
Proper housing, nutrition, handling, and separating ill animals.
Why are vaccinations important?
Prevent diseases and reduce reliance on antibiotics.
Name common vaccines for dogs.
Rabies, parvo, distemper, and leptospirosis.
Name common vaccines for cats.
Rabies, FVRCP (herpes, calici, panleukopenia), and feline leukemia.
What vital signs indicate an animal’s health?
Temperature, pulse rate, and respiration rate.
What are symptoms of respiratory distress in animals?
Labored breathing, nasal discharge, coughing, and fever.
What are symptoms of internal parasite infestation?
Dull coat, weight loss, diarrhea, and fever.
What daily observations should producers make?
Eating/drinking habits, movement, and behavior (e.g., isolation or aggressiveness).
What are common viral diseases?
Rabies, porcine parvovirus, bluetongue, and foot-and-mouth disease.
What are common bacterial diseases?
Leptospirosis, brucellosis, pinkeye, and foot rot.
What are common fungal diseases?
Ringworm and facial eczema.
What is ringworm, and how is it treated?
A zoonotic fungal disease causing lesions and hair loss; treated with antifungal ointments.
What is coccidiosis, and how is it prevented?
A protozoan infection causing diarrhea and fever; prevented with proper sanitation.
What is hypotrichosis?
A genetic condition causing hairlessness in cattle.
What is cryptorchidism, and how can it be prevented?
Failure of one or both testicles to descend; prevented by removing affected animals from breeding.
What is spider lamb syndrome?
A genetic skeletal deformity in lambs; prevented by DNA testing breeding animals.
What are the primary functions of the female reproductive system?
To produce eggs, serve as a receptacle for the penis, and house/nourish the fetus until birth.
What is the vulva’s function in female anatomy?
External portion of the reproductive tract, protects against infection, receives the penis during copulation, and serves as a passageway for urine.
What are the roles of the vagina?
Serves as the receptacle for the penis during copulation, acts as the birth canal, and expels liquid waste.
What is the uterus, and how does its shape vary among species?
Consists of horns and a body, site of embryonic growth, placental and fetal development. Shape varies; e.g., sow has a long uterus, mare has a short one.
What do the ovaries produce?
Eggs and female hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
What are the functions of a follicle?
Holds the ovum, produces/stores estrogen, and signals the reproductive tract for ovulation.
What is the role of the corpus luteum (CL)?
Forms after ovum release, produces progesterone, and maintains pregnancy conditions.
What is ovulation?
Release of an ovum from the follicle into the oviduct for potential fertilization.
What is the difference between estrus and estrous?
Estrus: period of heat/receptivity to males (verb). Estrous: the entire reproductive cycle (adjective).
What defines puberty in females?
Age at first estrus, ovulation, or when pregnancy can be maintained.
What are the two phases of the estrous cycle?
Follicular phase: regression of CL to ovulation. Luteal phase: ovulation to CL regression.
What are the categories of estrous cycle frequency?
Monoestrus: one cycle/year (e.g., dogs). Polyestrus: regular cycles year-round (e.g., cattle). Seasonally polyestrus: cycles depend on daylight length (e.g., horses).
What are the stages of the estrous cycle?
Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus.
What hormones are involved in the reproductive process, and what are their roles?
FSH: stimulates follicles. LH: triggers ovulation. Progesterone: maintains pregnancy. Estrogen: prepares reproductive tract.
What is gestation, and how does it support the fetus?
Period of pregnancy where the fetus develops in the uterus, supported by nutrients and oxygen via the placenta.
What occurs during parturition?
Birth process involving dilation of the cervix, uterine contractions, and delivery of the fetus.
What are the reproductive cycle statistics for cows?
Estrus: 18 hours avg. Estrous Cycle: 21 days avg. Ovulation: 4-16 hours post estrus. Gestation: 283 days.
What are the reproductive cycle statistics for sows?
Estrus: 2 days avg. Estrous Cycle: 21 days avg. Ovulation: 16-48 hours post estrus onset. Gestation: 114 days.
How do poultry reproductive systems differ from mammals?
Poultry lack an estrous cycle, have one functional ovary/oviduct, and ovulate every 25-29 hours.
What are the parts of the oviduct in poultry?
Funnel: receives yolk. Magnum: secretes egg white. Isthmus: adds membranes. Uterus: adds outer shell. Vent: opening where egg is laid.
