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spinal anatomy exam 3 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?

A
  • Centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
  • musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
  • the head is held upright
  • the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
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2
Q

At what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?

A

usually between the third and fourth month after birth

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3
Q

What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?

A

between occiput and C1

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4
Q

What is the name given to the primary cervical curve?

A

cervical kyphosis

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5
Q

What is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?

A

cervical curve CT1; cervical enlargement C3-T1

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6
Q

What infant activities are associated with the developmental of the lumbar curve?

A

crawling and walking

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7
Q

What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?

A
  • crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
  • muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
  • intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
  • walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
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8
Q

What is the time of appearance of the lateral curves?

A

they appear after 6 years old

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9
Q

What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?

A

a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination

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10
Q

What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class?

A

military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback

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11
Q

What is military neck?

A

a decreased anterior cuve in the cervical region, a straight neck

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12
Q

What is swayback?

A

an increased anterior cube in the lumbar region

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13
Q

What are the curve classifications for military neck?

A

a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve

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14
Q

What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?

A

a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve

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15
Q

What are the curve classifications for swayback?

A

a lordosis or hyperlordotic curve

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16
Q

What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?

A

magnitude, locations, direction, etiology, and structural/non-structural

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17
Q

What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?

A

the Cobb Method

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18
Q

Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?

A

infantile, juvenile, or adolescent

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19
Q

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis

A

left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence

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20
Q

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis

A

right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12-21% incidence

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21
Q

Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

A

right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence

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22
Q

What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsen

A

the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen

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23
Q

Which muscles are identified as erector spine or sacrospinalis muscles?

A

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis

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24
Q

Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates & inserts on ribs?

A

iliocostalis thoracics

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25
Q

Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?

A

semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators

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26
Q

How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?

A

as many as nine vertebrae

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27
Q

What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracics?

A

T12

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28
Q

What osseous part of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?

A

transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7, & articular processes of C4-C6

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29
Q

The semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis may fuse to form what muscle?

A

biventer cervicis

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30
Q

Which muscle(s) is representative of muscle layer two in the neck?

A

splenius cervicis, splenius capitis

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31
Q

Which muscle(s) is representative of muscle layer three in the neck?

A

semispinalis capitis, spinalis capitis

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32
Q

Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?

A

multifidis

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33
Q

Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination?

A

iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum

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34
Q

Which sub occipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?

A

obliquus capitis inferior

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35
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

C2 spinous process and lamina

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36
Q

An increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which sub occipital muscle?

A

obliquus capitis inferior

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37
Q

Suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain?

A

extraoccular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei

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38
Q

What is the proposed function of the sub occipital muscle group?

A

postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints

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39
Q

Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?

A

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conduction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

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40
Q

Which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves?

A

posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii

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41
Q

What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii?

A

accessory process of transverse process L1-L4

mammillary process of superior articular process L1-L4

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42
Q

Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of lumbar spinal nerves?

A

medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii

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43
Q

Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?

A

acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture

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44
Q

What is the insertion of the middle scalene?

A

between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib

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45
Q

What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?

A

outer surface of second rib

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46
Q

The quadrates lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?

A

the iliolumbar ligament

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47
Q

What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?

A

the nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion

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48
Q

What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons?

A

any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve

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49
Q

What are the examples of multipolar neurons?

A

stellate neurons, the motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord
pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex
projection neurons or Golgi type I Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex
local circuit neurons or Golgi type II granule cells of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and neurons of the motor ganglia

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50
Q

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

A

hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels, hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels and elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH

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51
Q

What is the site or location for chemoreceptors?

A

a glomus or body

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52
Q

What do baroreceptor monitor?

A

they monitor blood pressure by evaluating stretch or tension along the length of the receptor ending

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53
Q

What is the site or location for baroreceptors?

A

specialized vascular sinuses

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54
Q

What are the types and examples of exteroceptors?

A

(a) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
(b) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste

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55
Q

What are the examples of proprioceptors?

A

Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints

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56
Q

Where will the interoceptors be located?

A

in viscera, glands, and blood vessels

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57
Q

What are the examples of interoceptors?

A

free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

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58
Q

What are the examples of epidermal nerve endings?

A

Palisade nerve endings, Merkel cell endings and Ruffini corpuscles or Ruffini nerve endings

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59
Q

What is the example of tactile corpuscles?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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60
Q

Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?

A

lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles

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61
Q

What is the example of the neurotendinous nerve endings?

A

Golgi tendon organs

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62
Q

What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?

A

peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

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63
Q

Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion

A

sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses
motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses

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64
Q

What is another name for a sensory neuron?

A

afferent neuron

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65
Q

What are the parts of a primary sensory neuron?

A

sensory receptor ending, peripheral sensory process, perikaryon, central sensory process, synaptic ending

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66
Q

Where is the cell body of a primary sensory neuron located?

A

in a sensory ganglion

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67
Q

What is the region in the encephalon where central sensory processes synapse?

A

nucleus of termination

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68
Q

What is the location for secondary sensory neurons in the encephalon?

A

nucleus of termination

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69
Q

What is the location for secondary sensory neurons in the spinal cord?

A

dorsal horn

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70
Q

Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?

A

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve, cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve and cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve

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71
Q

Muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?

A

cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve, and cranial nerve XI or spinal accessory nerve

72
Q

What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?

A

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, cranial nerve X or vagus nerve, as well as spinal nerves T1-T12, L1, L2, and S2-S4

73
Q

Identify the type of motor pathway associated with each type of muscle

A

somatic and branchial motor pathways terminate on skeletal muscle
autonomic/involuntary/visceral pathways terminate on smooth and cardiac muscle

74
Q

What are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nerve system?

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

75
Q

What is the region in the central nerve system where sympathetic efferent neuron cell bodies for spinal nerves are located?

A

lateral horn of T1-T12, L1, L2 cord levels

76
Q

What is the comparative length of the axons associated with the sympathetic efferent pathway?

A

preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short; postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long

77
Q

What cells derived from the neural crest were emphasized in class?

A

secondary sympathetic efferent neurons and adrenal medulla chromaffin cells

78
Q

Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?

A

cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve VII or facial nerve, cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve, and cranial nerve X or vagus nerve

79
Q

Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which spinal nerves?

A

spinal nerves S2-S4

80
Q

What is the comparative length of the axons associated with parasympathetic efferent pathways?

A

preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are relatively long
postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are relatively short

81
Q

What is the name given to and neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?

A

cholinergic fibers; acetylcholine

82
Q

What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?

A

somatic neurons, branchial neurons, and primary parasympathetic neurons

83
Q

Will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain?

A

no

84
Q

What are the target organs for branchial efferent of somatic efferents?

A

skeletal muscles

85
Q

What are the ultimate target organs for parasympathetic efferents?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular tissue, and specialized cells

86
Q

Which cranial nerves have sensory pathways that are atypical or the majority of sensory pathways?

A

olfactory or cranial nerve I, optic or cranial nerve II, and trigeminal cranial nerve V

87
Q

What do somatic afferents monitor?

A

pain, temperature, light touch, and proprioception

88
Q

What do visceral afferents monitor?

A

baroreception, chemoreception, sensation from viscera

89
Q

What do special visceral afferents monitor?

A

olfaction and taste

90
Q

What do special sensory afferents monitor?

A

vision, hearing, equilibrium

91
Q

Cranial nerve I is an example of which classification of sensory pathway?

A

special visceral afferent

92
Q

What is the site for the detection of smell?

A

the olfactory mucosa of the nasal cavity

93
Q

What is the morphological classification of the primary sensory neuron of the first cranial nerve?

A

bipolar neuron

94
Q

What is unusual about the receptor ending of the primary olfactory neuron?

A

it is an olfactory knob covered with olfactory cilia

95
Q

What do central processes of the first cranial nerve bundle together to form?

A

fila olfactoria

96
Q

What forms the true olfactory nerve?

A

fila olfactoria

97
Q

What forms the traditional classic first cranial nerve?

A

the olfactory bulb and olfactory tract

98
Q

What is the exit site for the first cranial nerve?

A

cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

99
Q

Secondary afferent neuron cell bodies of the first cranial nerve are primarily located in what structure?

A

olfactory bulb

100
Q

What is the location for synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve?

A

olfactory glomerulus’s

101
Q

What is the name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve?

A

mitral cell

102
Q

At its apparent origin cranial nerve III conveys which classification of neural pathways?

A

somatic efferent pathway and visceral efferent pathway

103
Q

What is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for the third cranial nerve?

A

oculomotor nuclear complex

104
Q

What is the location of the apparent origin of the third cranial nerve?

A

the midbrain

105
Q

The apparent origin of the third cranial nerve is first observed in which cranial fossa?

A

the posterior cranial fossa

106
Q

From which cranial fossa will the third cranial nerve exit the cranial vault?

A

middle cranial fossa

107
Q

What is the exit from the cranial vault for the third cranial nerve?

A

superior orbital fissure; sphenoid bone

108
Q

Which extrinsic muscle/s of the eye is/are innervated by the third cranial nerve?

A

medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, and inferior oblique

109
Q

Which non-occular muscle is innervated by the third cranial nerve?

A

levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid

110
Q

Which visceral efferent pathway is conveyed in the third cranial nerve?

A

a parasympathetic motor pathway

111
Q

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

A

accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal

112
Q

What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?

A

ciliary ganglion

113
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve?

A

short ciliary nerve

114
Q

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets?

A

sphincter pupillae and ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles

115
Q

Does the apparent origin of cranial nerve III contain somatic afferent fibers?

A

no

116
Q

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the third cranial nerve travel to pseudo unipolar sensory neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?

A

Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion

117
Q

Central sensory processes from the Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion are conveyed to the pons in what structure?

A

the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve

118
Q

The sensory root of the trigeminal nerve will have an apparent origin from what part of the encephalon?

A

the pons

119
Q

Typically, primary afferent neurons of the third cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus

120
Q

Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons?

A

mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

121
Q

Cranial nerve II is an example of which classification of sensory pathway?

A

special sensory

122
Q

What are the receptor neurons of the second cranial nerve?

A

rod and cone photoreceptor cells

123
Q

What is the function of the rod cell?

A

provide vision in dim light conditions

124
Q

What is the function of the cone cell?

A

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

125
Q

What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?

A

rod cell

126
Q

What is the primary afferent neuron of the second cranial nerve?

A

bipolar cell

127
Q

Where are the primary sensory neurons of the second cranial nerve located?

A

the retina

128
Q

What is the secondary sensory neuron of the second cranial nerve?

A

ganglion cell

129
Q

What forms the optic nerve?

A

axons of ganglion cells

130
Q

What is the exit site for the second cranial nerve?

A

optic canal of the sphenoid bone

131
Q

The optic nerve will enter which fossa of the cranial vault?

A

middle cranial fossa

132
Q

What occurs at the optic chiasma?

A

part of the optic nerve decussates

133
Q

What part of the visual pathway connects the optic chiasma to the brian?

A

the optic tract

134
Q

Axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

135
Q

What is the location for tertiary neurons of the visual pathway?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

136
Q

Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus will synapse in what specific location?

A

primary visual cortex, calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum

137
Q

In the somatic afferent pathway of cranial nerve III, neurons within the mesencephalic nucleus may snaps at what locations?

A

oculomotor nuclear complex or spinal trigeminal nucleus

138
Q

At its apparent origin cranial nerve IV conveys which classification of neural pathways?

A

somatic efferent pathway

139
Q

What is the location for multipolar somatic efferent neurons of the fourth cranial nerve?

A

trochlear motor nucleus

140
Q

Somatic efferent fibers from the left nucleus of the fourth cranial nerve will have an apparent origin from which side?

A

right side

141
Q

What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?

A

it is the only cranial with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain;
it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midbrain from its nucleus

142
Q

The right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle?

A

the right side muscle

143
Q

The fourth cranial nerve will originate in which cranial fossa?

A

the posterior cranial fossa

144
Q

The fourth cranial nerve exits the cranial vault by way of which opening?

A

superior orbital fissure; sphenoid bone

145
Q

Somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate which muscle(s)?

A

superior oblique extrinsic muscle of the eye

146
Q

Does the apparent origin of cranial nerve IV contain somatic afferent fibers?

A

no

147
Q

What part of the fourth cranial nerve contains somatic afferent fibers?

A

only the sitar part of the nerve

148
Q

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the fourth cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?

A

opthalmic division of trigeminal

149
Q

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the fourth cranial nerve travel to pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?

A

Gasserian ganglion, semilunar ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion

150
Q

The fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the

A

great sensory nerve of the face

151
Q

The fifth cranial nerve arises from what part of the brain?

A

the pons

152
Q

The apparent origin of the fifth cranial nerve is in which cranial fossa?

A

the posterior cranial fossa

153
Q

Identify each branch of the fifth cranial nerve arising form its ganglion

A

opthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, mandibular nerve

154
Q

What is the exit site from the baronial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve?

A

opthalmic nerve - superior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve - foramen rotundum
mandibular nerve - foramen ovale

155
Q

What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit form the cranial vault?

A

opthalmic nerve - orbit;
maxillary nerve - pterygopalatine region;
mandibular nerve - infratemporal region

156
Q

The motor root of cranial nerve V will join which division?

A

mandibular nerve

157
Q

At its apparent origin cranial nerve V conveys which classifications of neural pathways?

A

somatic afferent pathway and branchial efferent pathway

158
Q

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve contain somatic afferent pathways?

A

all three

159
Q

Central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location?

A

mainly in the principal sensory nucleus; some in the trigeminal spinal nucleus

160
Q

Branchial efferent fibers arise from multipolar neurons in what nucleus?

A

trigeminal motor nucleus

161
Q

The mandibular division of the fifth cranial nerve exits the cranial vault via which opening and enters into what region of the head?

A

the foramen oval; the infratemporal region

162
Q

What muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve?

A

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor tympani, and tensor veil palatini

163
Q

What are the names of the muscles of mastication?

A

temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid

164
Q

Peripheral sensory processes from receptors located in the muscles of mastication are conveyed in which branch of the fifth cranial nerve?

A

mandibular division of trigeminal

165
Q

Afferent neurons within the mesencephalic nucleus that are associated with sensation from the muscles of mastication will synapse at what locations?

A

trigeminal motor nucleus or spinal trigeminal nucleus

166
Q

At its origin cranial nerve VI conveys which classification of neural pathways?

A

somatic efferent pathway

167
Q

What is the name of the sixth cranial nerve?

A

abducent nerve or abducens nerve

168
Q

What is the site of the apparent origin of the sixth cranial nerve form the brain?

A

the pons

169
Q

What is the efferent nucleus for the sixth cranial nerve?

A

abducens motor nucleus or abducent motor nucleus

170
Q

The sixth cranial nerve exits the middle cranial fossa via what opening?

A

superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone

171
Q

The sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)?

A

lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of the eye

172
Q

Peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the sixth cranial nerve will communicate with which cranial nerve branch?

A

opthalmic division of trigeminal

173
Q

Typically, primary afferent neurons of the sixth cranial nerve located in the semilunar ganglion, Gasserian ganglion, or trigeminal ganglion will synapse in what nucleus?

A

spinal trigeminal nucleus

174
Q

Recently, peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the sixth cranial nerve have been shown to originate from primary afferent neurons in which location?

A

mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

175
Q

Which of the cranial nuclei of termination contain primary afferent neurons?

A

mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve

176
Q

In the somatic afferent pathway of cranial nerve VI, neurons within the mesencephalic nucleus may synapse at what locations?

A

abducent or abducens motor nucleus or spinal trigeminal nucleus

spinal anatomy exam 3 (1 decks)

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