Exam 3 Flashcards
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?
- Centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
- musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
- the head is held upright
- the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
At what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?
usually between the third and fourth month after birth
What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?
between occiput and C1
What is the name given to the primary cervical curve?
cervical kyphosis
What is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?
cervical curve CT1; cervical enlargement C3-T1
What infant activities are associated with the developmental of the lumbar curve?
crawling and walking
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?
- crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
- muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
- intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
- walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
What is the time of appearance of the lateral curves?
they appear after 6 years old
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?
a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
What clinical examples of abnormal curvatures along the vertebral column were stressed in class?
military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback
What is military neck?
a decreased anterior cuve in the cervical region, a straight neck
What is swayback?
an increased anterior cube in the lumbar region
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?
a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
a lordosis or hyperlordotic curve
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?
magnitude, locations, direction, etiology, and structural/non-structural
What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
the Cobb Method
Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?
infantile, juvenile, or adolescent
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, 12-21% incidence
Identify the curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, 80% incidence
What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsen
the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen
Which muscles are identified as erector spine or sacrospinalis muscles?
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates & inserts on ribs?
iliocostalis thoracics
Which muscles are identified as transversospinalis muscles?
semispinalis, multifidis, and rotators
How many vertebrae can be attached to a single segment by transversospinalis muscles?
as many as nine vertebrae
What segment will represent the lowest attachment site for the semispinalis thoracics?
T12
What osseous part of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the semispinalis capitis?
transverse tubercles of C7, T1-T6 or T7, & articular processes of C4-C6
The semispinalis capitis and spinalis capitis may fuse to form what muscle?
biventer cervicis
Which muscle(s) is representative of muscle layer two in the neck?
splenius cervicis, splenius capitis
Which muscle(s) is representative of muscle layer three in the neck?
semispinalis capitis, spinalis capitis
Which transversospinalis muscle attaches to articular and mammillary processes along the spine?
multifidis
Which muscles of the spine exhibit a reversal of the expected origin-insertion combination?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum, longissimus thoracic pars lumborum, and multifidis lumborum
Which sub occipital muscle lacks an attachment to the skull?
obliquus capitis inferior
What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?
C2 spinous process and lamina
An increase in the density of muscle spindles is most apparent in which sub occipital muscle?
obliquus capitis inferior
Suboccipital muscle feedback relays to what additional locations in the brain?
extraoccular nuclei of origin, primary visual cortex and vestibular nuclei
What is the proposed function of the sub occipital muscle group?
postural stabilizers of the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the interspinalis?
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conduction with intertransversarii to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
Which of the cervical intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves?
posterior medial belly, cervical intertransversarii
What is the origin of the medial belly of the lumbar intertransversarii?
accessory process of transverse process L1-L4
mammillary process of superior articular process L1-L4
Which of the lumbar intertransversarii is innervated by dorsal rami of lumbar spinal nerves?
medial belly, lumbar intertransversarii
Based on the density of muscle spindles what is the proposed function of the intertransversarii?
acts as a proprioceptive transducer in conjunction with interspinalis to coordinate the smooth movement of the spine and to maintain appropriate posture
What is the insertion of the middle scalene?
between the tubercle and groove for the subclavian artery on the first rib
What is the insertion of the posterior scalene?
outer surface of second rib
The quadrates lumborum is implicated in the formation of which ligament?
the iliolumbar ligament
What are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?
the nasal olfactory epithelium, the retina, the vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion, and the cochlear or spiral ganglion
What are the possible locations of pseudounipolar neurons?
any sensory ganglion other than those of the eighth cranial nerve
What are the examples of multipolar neurons?
stellate neurons, the motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord
pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex
projection neurons or Golgi type I Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex
local circuit neurons or Golgi type II granule cells of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex and neurons of the motor ganglia
What do chemoreceptors monitor?
hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels, hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels and elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH
What is the site or location for chemoreceptors?
a glomus or body
What do baroreceptor monitor?
they monitor blood pressure by evaluating stretch or tension along the length of the receptor ending
What is the site or location for baroreceptors?
specialized vascular sinuses
What are the types and examples of exteroceptors?
(a) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
(b) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste
What are the examples of proprioceptors?
Golgi tendon organs, neuromuscular spindles, Pacinian corpuscles, inner ear receptors for equilibrium and specialized receptors in joints
Where will the interoceptors be located?
in viscera, glands, and blood vessels
What are the examples of interoceptors?
free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors
What are the examples of epidermal nerve endings?
Palisade nerve endings, Merkel cell endings and Ruffini corpuscles or Ruffini nerve endings
What is the example of tactile corpuscles?
Meissner’s corpuscles
Which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?
lamellated corpuscles or Pacinian corpuscles
What is the example of the neurotendinous nerve endings?
Golgi tendon organs
What are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?
peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers
Contrast the sensory ganglion with the motor ganglion
sensory ganglia contain primary sensory neuron cell bodies and lack synapses
motor ganglia contain secondary motor neuron cell bodies and always demonstrate synapses
What is another name for a sensory neuron?
afferent neuron
What are the parts of a primary sensory neuron?
sensory receptor ending, peripheral sensory process, perikaryon, central sensory process, synaptic ending
Where is the cell body of a primary sensory neuron located?
in a sensory ganglion
What is the region in the encephalon where central sensory processes synapse?
nucleus of termination
What is the location for secondary sensory neurons in the encephalon?
nucleus of termination
What is the location for secondary sensory neurons in the spinal cord?
dorsal horn
Muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?
cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve, cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve, cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve and cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve