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Current Global Issues > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of people in the Democratic Republic of Congo live on less than $3.20 per day?

A

Over 60%

Based on IMF 2020a data.

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2
Q

In the World Economic Forum’s measure of organized crime, how many of the top eleven countries are from Latin America?

A

Ten

According to World Economic Forum 2018.

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3
Q

How many of the fifty most corrupt countries according to the World Bank’s ‘Control of Corruption’ rankings are in Africa, Asia, Latin America, or the Middle East?

A

Forty-eight

The exceptions are Russia and Ukraine.

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4
Q

Which region has the highest levels of economic and social inequality in the world?

A

Southern Africa

Countries include South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia.

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5
Q

What percentage of adults aged fifteen to forty-nine years in Botswana have HIV?

A

22.8%

According to UNAIDS 2019.

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6
Q

How many of the bottom twenty-six countries in infrastructure are in Africa?

A

Twenty-two

Based on GSU 2019.

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7
Q

Which two countries have the highest rates of ‘missing women’ due to sex-selective abortions and female infanticide?

A

China and India

According to OECD 2020b.

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8
Q

How many people does air pollution kill annually in India?

A

1.25 million

Based on Broom 2020.

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9
Q

What significant event in 1945 marked the beginning of the modern state system?

A

Formation of the United Nations with 51 member states

Much of Asia and Africa were still under colonial control at that time.

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10
Q

How many new sovereign states have joined the UN since 1945?

A

142

As of UN 2020b.

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11
Q

What major historical factors have influenced the development of LDCs?

A

Racism, slavery, conquest, mercantilism, and colonialism

These factors shaped political, economic, and social development.

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12
Q

What role does geography play in the development of states within the international system?

A

It has contributed to differentiation among developing countries

Geography and history both influence state development.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The legacies of ________, ________, and ________ significantly impacted the political institutions of LDCs.

A

racism, slavery, colonialism

These legacies affect how wealth and prosperity are distributed.

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14
Q

True or False: The colonial history of a country has no effect on its current political economy.

A

False

Colonial history influences the political economy and wealth distribution.

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15
Q

What is known as bottom-up development?

A

Steps to put resources and tools directly in the hands of the poor

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16
Q

What did classical liberals argue was necessary for developing countries after World War II?

A

Create market economies based on free monetary flows and comparative advantage

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17
Q

According to classical liberals, what should LDCs primarily depend on for development?

A

Private capital flows and private borrowing

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18
Q

What economic sectors did classical liberals believe LDCs should rely on?

A
  • Agriculture
  • Mineral ‘primary products’
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19
Q

What theory suggests that LDCs would modernize into free market democracies over time?

A

Modernization theory

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20
Q

What historical events kept the suspicion of free market capitalism alive in many LDCs?

A
  • Colonialism
  • The Great Depression
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21
Q

What development strategy did most developing countries choose after WWII?

A

Mercantilist import substitution industrialization (ISI)

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22
Q

Which region deviated from ISI while still following a mercantilist strategy?

A

East Asia

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23
Q

What did the IMF and World Bank press for in the 1980s and 1990s?

A

‘Structural adjustment’ in countries facing economic downturns

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24
Q

What does import substitution entail?

A
  • Protecting domestic industries from world market competition
  • Import tariffs
  • Business regulations and licenses
  • Quotas
  • Subsidies
  • Bars on some imports
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25
Q

What is the goal of import substitution?

A

Build domestic ‘infant industries’ and give them time to develop

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26
Q

Which countries are noted for employing import substitution strategies?

A
  • Latin America
  • India
  • Other regions
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27
Q

What is often imported for use in protected industries under import substitution?

A

Machinery and other capital goods

28
Q

What approach has import substitution generally minimized?

A

Reliance on international trade

29
Q

What are the four income categories defined by the World Bank?

A

Low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries

These categories are used to classify countries based on their income per capita.

30
Q

What percentage of the world’s population lived on less than $1.90 a day in 2015?

A

10 percent (734 million people)

This was a significant decrease from nearly 36 percent (1.9 billion people) in 1990.

31
Q

Which two countries contributed most to the reduction of poverty rates from 1990 to 2015?

A

China and India

China, in particular, made remarkable progress in reducing poverty.

32
Q

What global event is expected to reverse the progress made in poverty reduction?

A

Covid-19 pandemic

The pandemic is anticipated to have a devastating impact on the poor.

33
Q

What was the wealth distribution of the bottom half of the world’s population in 2019?

A

Held less than 1 percent of the world’s total wealth

In contrast, the top 1 percent held 45 percent of the world’s wealth.

34
Q

What index was created by the UNDP in 1990 to measure development beyond income per capita?

A

Human Development Index (HDI)

The HDI includes educational attainment and life expectancy as key indicators.

35
Q

What does the Human Development Index emphasize as key criteria for assessing development?

A

People and their capabilities

This approach focuses on human well-being rather than economic growth alone.

36
Q

Who argues for a ‘clinical economics’ approach to understanding state development?

A

Jeffrey Sachs

He advocates for thorough ‘differential diagnoses’ of a state’s background.

37
Q

What is considered an important element in the development process according to the text?

A

Industrialization

Industrialization is often pursued through state strategies.

38
Q

What economic approach have most developing states used to foster industrialization?

A

Mercantilism (protectionism)

Some countries have also liberalized their economies in response to globalization.

39
Q

What is the GDP per Capita trend in China from 1990 to 2020?

A

Increase from 241 to a peak of 12,000

Source: IMF 2020.

40
Q

Which country has the most polluted cities, second to India?

A

China

41
Q

What has sharply risen in China, contributing to social issues?

A

Income inequality

42
Q

How does China rank globally regarding gender equity?

A

One of the worst

43
Q

What mercantilist strategy has led to countermeasures by the US?

A

China’s economic strategy

44
Q

What major international conflict occurred during the Trump administration?

A

Trade war with China

45
Q

What ongoing territorial tensions involve China?

A

Islands in the South China Sea

46
Q

What has contributed to the slowdown of China’s economic growth recently?

A

Shift to a consumer-driven economy and Covid-19 crisis

47
Q

What type of development strategies empower the poor directly?

A

Bottom-up development strategies

48
Q

Name one key example of bottom-up development.

A

Micro-lending

49
Q

What is another example of bottom-up development strategies?

A

Conditional cash-transfer programs

50
Q

Fill in the blank: Mobile phone-based _______ transfers are an example of bottom-up development.

A

money

51
Q

What must bottom-up efforts be combined with for maximum impact?

A

Effective state strategies and foreign aid

52
Q

What is the main argument for bottom-up development strategies?

A

They can significantly improve people’s lives

53
Q

What role do IGOs play in development strategies?

A

Support bottom-up efforts alongside state strategies

54
Q

Who is the founder of the Grameen Bank?

A

Mohammad Yunus

Yunus is a Bangladeshi university professor who initiated the concept of micro-lending.

55
Q

What was the initial loan amount that Yunus lent to women making bamboo furniture?

A

$26

This was to help them invest in materials for their livelihood.

56
Q

What percentage of Grameen Bank borrowers are women?

A

97 percent

This indicates a strong focus on empowering women through micro-lending.

57
Q

What is the loan range provided by the Grameen Bank?

A

$50 to $500

These loans are used for various purposes, including purchasing materials for businesses.

58
Q

As of 2019, how many borrowers had the Grameen Bank lent to?

A

9.6 million

This showcases the significant impact of the bank on poverty alleviation.

59
Q

How many branches does the Grameen Bank have?

A

2,500

The branches serve around 81,600 villages in Bangladesh.

60
Q

What was the total amount of loans serviced by micro-finance institutions worldwide in 2020?

A

$124 billion

This amount was spread across loans for 140 million people.

61
Q

What is the average repayment rate of the Grameen Bank?

A

96 percent

High repayment rates contribute to the success of micro-lending.

62
Q

Fill in the blank: Micro-lending schemes often rely on _______ to ensure loan repayment.

A

community ties and peer pressure

63
Q

True or False: Women are preferred borrowers in micro-lending because they are less likely to repay their debts.

A

False

Women are seen as more community-oriented and likely to repay their debts.

64
Q

What is one criticism of micro-lending?

A

Recipients often lack basic business skills

This can prevent them from maximizing the benefits of their loans.

65
Q

Another criticism of micro-lending is that it may lead to _______ among local borrowers.

A

redundant local enterprises

This can drive down profits for everyone involved.

66
Q

What prompted Muhammad Yunus to speak out against for-profit micro-lending?

A

Shift from nonprofit status

Yunus advocated for the original focus on helping lift people out of poverty.

67
Q

Micro-lending aims to empower which group of people?

A

the poorest of the poor

By giving them access to capital.

Current Global Issues (2 decks)

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