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Nsci > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland?

A

ACTH & growth hormone

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2
Q

ACTH stimulates the release of ___ from the ___.

A

Cortisol; adrenal cortex

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3
Q

Which statement best characterizes the effects of hormones?

A

Widespread influence over the brain and body

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4
Q

Anabolism refers to the ___, whereas catabolism refers to the ___.

A

Assembly of macromolecules; breakdown of macromolecules

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5
Q

What is the correct order of the three main phases of insulin release?

A

Cephalic, gastric, substrate

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6
Q

If you lesion the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, you would expect:

A

The rat to exhibit anorexia

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7
Q

Negative feedback loops are a key feature of homeostatic systems.

A

True

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8
Q

After training a monkey to associate a light with a reward, dopamine neurons:

A

Increase when the light turns on

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9
Q

Depleted dopamine levels will cause:

A

No change in liking but a decrease in wanting

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10
Q

Which drug blocks dopamine reuptake in the nucleus accumbens?

A

Cocaine

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11
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome is characterized by:

A

Decreased fear and aggression after a temporal lobectomy

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12
Q

Lesioning ___ would remove the autonomic response in learned fear.

A

Hypothalamus

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13
Q

Which of the following is false regarding serotonin and aggression?

A

More aggression is related to more 5HT activity in primates

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14
Q

Stimulating ___ elicits affective aggression; stimulating ___ elicits predatory aggression.

A

Medial hypothalamus; lateral hypothalamus

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15
Q

Administering testosterone to rats post-castration:

A

Increases biting attacks

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16
Q

When cortisol binds to ___ in the ___, the release of ___ from the hypothalamus is inhibited.

A

Glucocorticoid receptors; hippocampus; CRH

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17
Q

SSRIs used to treat depression have:

A

Immediate synaptic effects; therapeutic effects take weeks

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18
Q

Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A

Blunted affect

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19
Q

Which is NOT expected in a schizophrenic brain compared to a control?

A

Greater myelination of neurons

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20
Q

Evidence for the glutamate hypothesis in schizophrenia includes:

A

Rats chronically given PCP exhibit negative symptoms

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21
Q

Predatory aggression is associated with high levels of ___ activity.

A

Parasympathetic

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22
Q

Which of the following would Harry most likely agree with regarding emotions?

A

Basic emotions have distinct representations or circuits in the brain

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23
Q

According to James Papez, emotion is mainly determined by activity in the:

A

Cingulate cortex

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24
Q

In an experiment pairing a tone with a shock, the unconditioned stimulus is:

A

Shock

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25
Q

What region is the nucleus of the diffuse modulatory system of serotonin?

A

Raphe Nucleus

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26
Q

Which is a consequence of chronic stress?

A

Enlarged adrenal glands

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27
Q

What are the symptom domains of schizophrenia?

A

Positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits

28
Q

Which is considered the ‘master gland’ of the endocrine system?

A

Anterior pituitary

29
Q

Which hormone may facilitate bonding in close social relationships?

A

Oxytocin

30
Q

What would you expect in hippocampal volumes of those with high chronic stress?

A

Smaller hippocampal volumes

31
Q

Sympathetic activation with release of Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine leads to:

A

Pupil dilation

32
Q

The lipostatic hypothesis is an example of:

A

Homeostasis

33
Q

What is an example of a humoral response for maintaining homeostasis?

A

Responding to sensory signals by inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones

34
Q

The hormone ___ stimulates feeding behavior, while ___ inhibits it.

A

Orexin; leptin

35
Q

At what phase of short-term feeding regulation is insulin release the greatest?

A

Substrate

36
Q

NPY-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus are activated by:

A

Both a drop in leptin and the release of ghrelin

37
Q

Marijuana stimulates appetite by:

A

Enhancing smell

38
Q

When stranded on an island, you would:

A

Want but not like the seafood

39
Q

Lab animals addicted to drugs will:

A

Continue pressing the lever to receive even a small dose of the drug

40
Q

Addiction to drugs directly results in:

A

Decreased D2 receptors in the brain

41
Q

Which are potential pharmacological interventions for treating substance abuse?

A

Increasing GABA release, decreasing glutamate release, and kappa opioid receptor inhibitors

42
Q

What offers evidence that there is not a single neural system for emotions?

A

• Structures involved in emotion serve other functions
• Neural activity varies across emotions
• No one-to-one relationship between limbic structures and functions

43
Q

Amygdala neurons selectively responding to emotional valence support which theory?

A

Dimensional theories of emotion

44
Q

Precastration, increased testosterone levels result in:

A

Increased biting attacks

45
Q

Individuals taking SSRIs would display:

A

Decreased levels of aggression

46
Q

Which cortical layer contributes the least to EEG activity?

A

Layer I

47
Q

Thousands of neurons must activate together for measurable EEG signals. This is called:

A

Synchrony

48
Q

High-frequency, low-amplitude rhythms are associated with:

A

Alertness, waking, and dreaming sleep stages

49
Q

Compared to a 10-year-old, an elderly person experiences:

A

20% less REM sleep

50
Q

Diffuse modulatory systems critical to sleep and wake cycles include:

A

Cholinergic, dopaminergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic

51
Q

Adenosine promotes sleep by:

A

Inhibiting modulatory systems that promote wakefulness

52
Q

The primary neurotransmitter released by suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons is:

A

GABA

53
Q

Which is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

A

Delusions

54
Q

Kylie exhibiting an attack of intense fearfulness and terror suggests:

A

Panic disorder

55
Q

A structural brain difference in schizophrenia is:

A

Enlarged ventricles

56
Q

Affective disorder medications that regulate serotonin include:

A

MAO inhibitors, tricyclics, and SSRIs

57
Q

Treatments for depression that provide immediate relief are:

A

Electroconvulsion therapy and deep brain stimulation

58
Q

A belief that the government inserted a chip to hear thoughts represents:

A

Positive delusion

59
Q

Benzodiazepines act on ___ while SSRIs act on ___.

A

GABA receptors; serotonin reuptake mechanisms

60
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of associative learning?

A

Habituation

61
Q

Which is not a direct input of the medial temporal lobe?

A

V1

62
Q

Why did Patient H.M. slow his hand-shaking with the researcher but still get shocked?

A

He implicitly learned (intact procedural memory) but lacked explicit memory of prior shocks (impaired declarative memory)

63
Q

In a rat experiment, a hippocampal neuron responding in one location is classified as:

A

Place cell

64
Q

Which memory model states the hippocampus is no longer required after consolidation?

A

Standard memory model

65
Q

Memory reconsolidation serves to:

A

Alter memories, making them unstable and susceptible to disruption and alteration

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