Exam 3 Flashcards
What do opsonins do
Increase phagocytosis
Irritable Bowl Disease (IDB) is an overreaction of the immune system to _____
Gut microbiota
Activation of complement leads to which of the following: increased inflammation, increased phagocytosis, holes in the bacterial membrane
All are correct
What do natural killer cells do
Kill cells that lack MHC molecules
What do the two types of MHC molecules do
Process self & foreign antigens
True or false: pathogens with heavily glycosylated outer membranes cannot activate complement
False
The variable region of an antibody is _____. The constant region signals _____ by changing shape.
A region for binding antigen, antigen is bound
True or false: human genome edits using CRISPR can be vertically transmitted
True
Major histocompatibility complex proteins are types in organ transplant cases. They are: markers of self, viral antigens, ‘presenter’ molecules/antigen holders
Markers of self & presenter molecules
The ‘older’, _____ portion of the human immune system includes receptors that detect double-stranded RNA. The _____ makes specific tools (antibodies/T cells) to fight specific pathogens/infections
Innate, adaptive
True or false: wounds that release puss are a sign that the bacteria is able to kill white blood cells
True
True or false: Swelling is caused by the release of solutes by the bacteria that increase osmotic pressure
False
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies are caused by a _____ version of a _____ protein that eventually leads to _____.
Misfolded, normal, holes in the brain
True or false: Prion-like disease can affect humans who eat deer meat
Unclear
True or false: Bacteria have immunologic memory
True
The inflammatory response includes spiking a fever. This is done by the release of a _____ which travels to the _____
Cytokine, brain
The presence of a genomic island in a bacterial species suggests: orthologous genes, horizontal gene transfer, genomes evolve
Horizontal gene transfer & genomes evolve
The Limulus (horseshoe crab) amebocyte lysate assay can be used to detect _____ in intravenous solutions
Endotoxin
Bacteria that are phagocytosed are destroyed in the _____ by a combination of enzymes and _____.
Lysosome, reactive oxygen species
One type of interferon is expressed when _____ is detected in a cell. Its absorption into neighboring cells prepares them to _____
double stranded RNA, commit suicide
True or false: In humans, specific bacterial infections have been treated successfully with fecal transplants
True
Akkermansia muciniphila is a human gut bacteria that metabolizes _____
Mucus
Certain types of E coli can cause bloody diarrhea. Which type of toxin do they use to accomplish this?
Endotoxin
Botulinum toxin is a _____ which prevents _____ at neuromuscular junctions
Neurotoxin, vesicle fusion
The following foreign antigens would be detected by the innate immune system except: viral RNA, 2025 influenza proteins, proteoglycan, flagellin
2025 influenza proteins
Studies using a mouse model of autism have shown which of the following can lessen the autistic behavior: antibiotics in their water, a single species of bacteria in their water, a bacterial metabolite in their water
A single species of bacteria & a bacterial metabolite in their water
Identify the component that is not part of innate immune defenses: skin, cytotoxic T cells, toll-like receptors, mucus
Cytotoxic T cells
Cholera toxin causes diarrhea by _____ colonic endothelial cells
Increasing the flow of ions out of
The human microbiome contains all _____
Organisms present in & on the body
True or false: bacterial adhesions refer to a species-specific interaction between the pathogen and molecules on the host cell surface
True
True or false: fermented foods and yogurt are good sources of prebiotics
False
A viroid: is a small, circular ssRNA molecule, usually has no capsid, lacks protein-encoding genes
All are correct
Metagenomics (‘over/above genetics’) has been used to survey the human skin and environmental samples for microorganisms. Advances in which techniques have made this possible?
PCR and DNA sequencing
True or false: prion disease affect only humans
False
True or false: human prion disease can be inherited
True
The complement system is considered part of the _____ immune system because it is activated by _____
Innate, any bacteria
Which of the following demonstrate an interaction between gut microbiota and the host: gnotobiotic mice, streptokinase, intestinal M cells
Gnotobiotic mice, intestinal M cells
Which property of viroids is most responsible for their ability to infect an entire plant
Their size
True or false: Colonic epithelial cells get most of their energy from the blood stream
False
Coagulase is a _____ protein used to _____
Bacterial, escape immune detection
Certain types of E coli produce a chemical mutagen called Colibactin. Studies have shown that it causes mutations consistent with _____ in humans.
Colon cancer
Neutrophil expressed traps (NETS) are made of?
DNA
True or false: live virus can be used to vaccinate against influenza
True
Cholera toxin is an _____
Enterotoxin
Which of the following might a pathogen use to prevent phagocytosis: hemolysin, transposes, streptokinase, capsule
Capsule
The ability to make antibody quickly after a second exposure to antigen is ultimately due to _____
Memory cells
Failure to remove immature T cells that react too strongly to MHC molecules can lead to _____
Autoimmune disease
Treating Ebola patients with hyper-immune sera from an infected patient is classified as _____
Artificially acquired passive immunity
The ‘a’ in the DTaP vaccine refers to?
The type of vaccine
What do treatment for Covid with Paxlovid and certain types of HIV ART have in common: both block viral fusion, both inhibit the viral protease, both are nucleotide analogs
Both inhibit the viral protease
