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Bio 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Up to 60% of all medicines used today exert their effects by influencing what structures?

A

G protein linked receptors.

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2
Q

The receptors for a group of signaling molecules known as growth factors are often…?

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.

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3
Q

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because…?

A

They amplify the original signal many-folds.

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4
Q

Herceptin, a drug used in many cases of breast cancer, works by…?

A

Preventing inappropriate dimerization of the HER2 receptor.

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5
Q

Adenylyl cyclase generates cAMP from ATP. Which enzyme has the opposite effect, resulting in cAMP breakdown?

A

Phosphodiesterase

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6
Q

The activation of receptor tyrosine kinases is always characterized by…?

A

Dimerization and auto-phosphorylation.

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7
Q

Label the different components of the Cell Signaling pathway og G-Protein linked receptors using the choices given)

A

Ligand/ Signal Molecule, G-protein coupled receptor, G-protein (GTP), Adenylyl Cyclase, ATP-> Second Messenger (AMP), Protein Kinase A, Glycogen Breakdown!!

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8
Q

The ___ is responsible for the separation of the chromosome during ___ of mitosis.

A

Mitotic Spindle; Anaphase

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9
Q

An animal with a dipliod number of 36 chromosomes will have ___ chromosomes in it gametes and ___ chromosomes in its somatic cells.

A

18; 36

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10
Q

What condition would Trisomy 18 result in?

A

Edward’s Syndrome

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11
Q

How do you know that a cell is in Metaphase?

A

The chromosomes are aligned on the equatorial plane of the cell.

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12
Q

During what phase do homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of a dividing cell?

A

Anaphase I

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13
Q

How much DNA is found in a cell in G2?

A

It will have twice the amount of DNA that was present in the nucleus during telophase.

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14
Q

A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is…?

A

A sperm cell.

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15
Q

What cell stage shows an arrangement of chromosomes that occurs just before the homologous chromosomes separate?

A

Metaphase I of Meiosis.

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16
Q

What cell stage shows an arrangement of chromosomes that occurs just before the sister chromatids separate?

A

Metaphase

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17
Q

During what stage do homologous chromosomes synapse (pair)?

A

Prophase I

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18
Q

What are some events that occur during meiosis?

A

DNA Exchange, Pairing of homologous chromosomes, separation of homologous chromosomes, and crossing-over between homologous chromosomes.

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19
Q

What does each chiasma represent in prophase I?

A

A site of crossing over.

20
Q

What triggers the cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis?

A

MPF

21
Q

During which stages of meiosis do the sister centromeres separate?

A

Anaphase II

22
Q

What hypothesis(’)do observations of cancer cells in culture support?

A

They have altered plasma membranes and cytoskeletal proteins, they have mutations/deletions in tumor suppressors (p53), they have the ability to stimulate new blood vessel formation, and they do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition of growth.

23
Q

What is one different between a cancer cells and a normal cell?

A

Cancer cells continue to divide even what tightly packed together (there is no need for new cells).

24
Q

A couple has three children, all of whom have blue eyes (bb) and blonde hair (rr). Both parents are heterozygous for brown eyes (Bb) but one has blonde hair (rr) and the other has red hair (Rr). What is the probability that their next child will have blue-eyes and red hair?

A

1/8

25
Q

Pumpkins can be orange (P-) or yellow (pp), and either smooth (S-) or bumpy (ss). A heterozygous orange, heterozygous smooth pumpkin is crossed with a heterozygous orange, bumpy pumpkin. What is the probability to have a yellow bumpy pumpkin?

A

1/8

26
Q

Is Tay Sachs dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive

27
Q

Is Progeria (rapid aging) dominant or recessive?

A

Dominant

28
Q

Is Huntington’s (nerve break down) dominant or recessive?

A

Dominant

29
Q

Is cystic fibrosis () dominant or recessive?

A

Recessive

30
Q

Is Achondroplasia () dominant or recessive?

A

Dominant

31
Q

If an woman in her daughter both have type O blood, who could not be the father on a paternity test?

A

A man with type AB blood.

32
Q

What is the equation for cell cycle duration?

A

Look up

33
Q

The cell cycle in onion root tip has a duration of 16 hours. The nuclei of 660 cells showed 13 cells in anaphase. What is the approximate duration of anaphase in these cells?

A

19 minutes.

34
Q

A cell with four groups of separated sister chromatids WITHOUT any visible cell seperation is likely in what phase?

A

Anaphase II

35
Q

What is EtOH’s function in strawberry DNA isolation?

A

Precipitates the DNA.

36
Q

What is NaCL’s function in strawberry DNA isolation?

A

Look up answer

37
Q

What is SDS’s function in strawberry DNA isolation?

A

Lyses the cell and denatures the proteins.

38
Q

What is EDTA’s function in strawberry DNA isolation?

A

Chelates divalent cations (such as MG2+ ) from solution.

39
Q

What condition does a baby with karyotype of 45, XO most likely have?

A

Turner Syndrome

40
Q

What condition does a baby with karyotype _____ most likely have?

A

Down Syndrome

41
Q

What condition does a baby with karyotype _____ most likely have?

A

Edwards Syndrome

42
Q

What condition does a baby with karyotype _____ most likely have?

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

43
Q

What condition does a baby with karyotype _____ most likely have?

A

Jacob Syndrome

44
Q

What research tasks could BLAST be used for?

A

Searching for genes that descended from the same ancestral sequence (homologous genes) in other species; Identifying unknown DNA sequences by comparing them to known sequences in a database.

45
Q

A black lab (BbEe) is crossed with a yellow lab (Bbee). In a litter of F1 puppies, what are the likely proportions of black, chocolate, or yellow labs?

A

3 black, 1 chocolate, 4 yellow

46
Q

In house cats, brown eyes (B-) are dominant to green eyes (bb). You would like to determine whether your brown-eyed cat female cat is homozygous dominant or heterozygous l by doing a test cross with a green eyed male cat. What would the results be if your female cat is homozygous dominant?

A

100% of the kittens would have brown eyes.

47
Q

What would the result be if a man has hemophilia (XfY), and his spouse is heterozygous for hemophilia?

A

Both sons and daughter would be 50% likely to have hemophilia, and the daughters would be 50% likely to be carriers.

Bio 101 (3 decks)

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