Exam 3 Flashcards
Lec. 11-15
what prevents the initial depolarization at the S-A node from spreading across the heart?
connective tissue between the atria and ventricles
the p wave of the ecg is produced by the
depolarization of the atria
the main difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit
the pulmonary circuit produces lower pressures
what is myoglobin?
a respiratory pigment found in muscle cytoplasm
what is secreted to increase the production of red blood cells when O2 levels are low?
erythropoeitin
what systems effect the change in flow resistance in the glomerular blood pressure?
nervous and endocrine
which substance is typically found in urine at the highest concentration?
urea generated from protein metabolism
a molecule greater than __ kilodaltons cannot pass through the nephrons
12.5
glomerular filtration rate in vertebrates is defined as the rate of __ of an animal’s kidney tubules
primary urine formation by all
after the kidneys, the __ contribute(s) most to filtration
heart
podocytes are found in the __
bowman’s capsule
amphibians use __ for gas exchange
gills, lungs, and skin
as gas exchange membrane area increases, body weight ___
increases
depolarization during a heartbeat is initiated by the __
S-A node
vital capacity does not include __
residual volume
which group of animals are not able to digest carbohydrates in their oral cavity?
canine and feline
which group of animals are not able to store bile?
equine
which group of animals are primarily able to break down their food by microbial action for nutrient absorption?
bovine
which group of animals lack the ability to physically break down their food into smaller pieces in their oral cavity?
poultry
the ascending loop of henle is __ to water
not permeable
what side of the heart deals with deoxygenated blood?
right
what side of the heart deals with oxygenated blood?
left
vital capacity
amount of air any particular animal can take in
residual volume
the air left over after you have completely exhaled, ensures lungs won’t collapse
expiratory reserve volume
what’s left in the lungs when you exhale normally
resting tidal volume
what you are breathing in
inspiratory reserve volume
what you work on when training
the bohr affect
affinity for O2 decreases as PH decreases or CO2 partial pressure increases
1st heart sound
av valves close
2nd heart sound
open aortas
nephron
functional unit of kidney
excretion =
filtration - reabsorption + secretion
primary urine
everything that’s filtered out
secondary urine
what is being excreted
creatinine
used to asses kidney function
glomerulus
filters small solutes from the blood
PCT
reabsorbs ions, water, nutrients, removes toxins, adjusts filtrate pH
descending loop of henle
aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitual fluid
ascending loop of henle
reabsorbs NA+ and Cl- from the filtrate into the interstitual fluid
DCT
selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance
collecting duct
reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate
how does access to water change the length of the loop of henle?
lots of access to water - almost non-existent loop of henle
no access to water - long loop of henle
ammonia release
requires the most water but least energy
urea release
requires more energy but less water
uric acid
requires little to no water but the most energy
thick medulla
long loop of henle, concentrated urine
thin medulla
short loop of henle, not concentrated urine
