Exam 3 Flashcards

Lec. 11-15

1
Q

what prevents the initial depolarization at the S-A node from spreading across the heart?

A

connective tissue between the atria and ventricles

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2
Q

the p wave of the ecg is produced by the

A

depolarization of the atria

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3
Q

the main difference between the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

A

the pulmonary circuit produces lower pressures

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4
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

a respiratory pigment found in muscle cytoplasm

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5
Q

what is secreted to increase the production of red blood cells when O2 levels are low?

A

erythropoeitin

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6
Q

what systems effect the change in flow resistance in the glomerular blood pressure?

A

nervous and endocrine

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7
Q

which substance is typically found in urine at the highest concentration?

A

urea generated from protein metabolism

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8
Q

a molecule greater than __ kilodaltons cannot pass through the nephrons

A

12.5

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9
Q

glomerular filtration rate in vertebrates is defined as the rate of __ of an animal’s kidney tubules

A

primary urine formation by all

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10
Q

after the kidneys, the __ contribute(s) most to filtration

A

heart

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11
Q

podocytes are found in the __

A

bowman’s capsule

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12
Q

amphibians use __ for gas exchange

A

gills, lungs, and skin

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13
Q

as gas exchange membrane area increases, body weight ___

A

increases

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14
Q

depolarization during a heartbeat is initiated by the __

A

S-A node

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15
Q

vital capacity does not include __

A

residual volume

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16
Q

which group of animals are not able to digest carbohydrates in their oral cavity?

A

canine and feline

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17
Q

which group of animals are not able to store bile?

A

equine

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18
Q

which group of animals are primarily able to break down their food by microbial action for nutrient absorption?

A

bovine

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19
Q

which group of animals lack the ability to physically break down their food into smaller pieces in their oral cavity?

A

poultry

20
Q

the ascending loop of henle is __ to water

A

not permeable

21
Q

what side of the heart deals with deoxygenated blood?

A

right

21
Q

what side of the heart deals with oxygenated blood?

A

left

22
Q

vital capacity

A

amount of air any particular animal can take in

23
Q

residual volume

A

the air left over after you have completely exhaled, ensures lungs won’t collapse

24
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

what’s left in the lungs when you exhale normally

25
Q

resting tidal volume

A

what you are breathing in

26
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

what you work on when training

27
Q

the bohr affect

A

affinity for O2 decreases as PH decreases or CO2 partial pressure increases

28
Q

1st heart sound

A

av valves close

29
Q

2nd heart sound

A

open aortas

30
Q

nephron

A

functional unit of kidney

31
Q

excretion =

A

filtration - reabsorption + secretion

32
Q

primary urine

A

everything that’s filtered out

33
Q

secondary urine

A

what is being excreted

34
Q

creatinine

A

used to asses kidney function

35
Q

glomerulus

A

filters small solutes from the blood

36
Q

PCT

A

reabsorbs ions, water, nutrients, removes toxins, adjusts filtrate pH

37
Q

descending loop of henle

A

aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitual fluid

38
Q

ascending loop of henle

A

reabsorbs NA+ and Cl- from the filtrate into the interstitual fluid

39
Q

DCT

A

selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

40
Q

collecting duct

A

reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate

41
Q

how does access to water change the length of the loop of henle?

A

lots of access to water - almost non-existent loop of henle
no access to water - long loop of henle

42
Q

ammonia release

A

requires the most water but least energy

43
Q

urea release

A

requires more energy but less water

44
Q

uric acid

A

requires little to no water but the most energy

45
Q

thick medulla

A

long loop of henle, concentrated urine

46
Q

thin medulla

A

short loop of henle, not concentrated urine