Exam 3

Question 1

Distinguish between the mode of action of neurotransmitters and hormones

Question 2

compare the actions of peptide and steroid hormones

Question 3

explain the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system

Question 4

list the hormones produced by the endocrine glands and provide a function for each

Question 5

summarize the conditions produced by excessive and inadequate levels of the major hormones

Question 6

explain how the adrenal cortex is involved in the stress response

Question 7

Describe how the pancreatic hormones help maintain blood glucose homeostasis

Question 8

Distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 9

Explain how the nervous and endocrine systems are integrated with one another.

Question 10

Contrast the two types of cell division in the human life cycle

Question 11

identify the structures and functions of the male reproductive system

Question 12

Describe the location and stages of spermatogenesis

Question 13

identify the structures and functions of the female reproductive system

Question 14

list the stages of the ovarian cycle and uterine cycles and explain what is occurring in each stage

Question 15

Describe the process of oogenesis

Question 16

Describe the changes that occur in the ovarian and uterine cycles during pregnancy

Question 17

list the forms of birth control and summarize how each reduces the chances of fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell

Question 18

Describe the causes and treatments of STDs caused by viruses vs bacteria.

Question 19

Describe the steps of fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm

Question 20

explain what prevents polyspermy

Question 21

recognize how cleavage, growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation all play a role in development

Answer 21

summa

Question 22

summarize the key events that occur at each stage of pre-embryonic and embryonic development

Answer 22

desc

Question 23

describe the flow of blood in a fetus and explain the role of the placenta

Question 24

Summarize the major events in fetal development from 3-9 months

Question 25

explain the process by which male and female reproductive organs develope

Question 26

summarize the events that occur during each stage of birth

Question 27

summarize the hypothesis on why humans age

Question 28

summarize the effects of aging on the organ system of the body.

Question 29

Distinguish between chromosome and chromatin

Answer 29

Chromatin: no coiled, no dividing
Chromosome: coiled. dividing

Question 30

explain the purpose of a karyotype

Answer 30

We can visualize chromosomes in halves.

Question 31

list the stages of the interphase and state the purpose of each

Answer 31

Interphase
G1: growth, doubles organelles
S: DNA replication (2 identical sister chromatids.
G2: growth and protein synthesis.

Question 32

explain how checkpoints and external control mechanisms help protect the cell against unregulated cell growth

Answer 32

G1 Checkpoint: If DNA is damaged, apoptosis occurs, or it can enter G0.
G2 checkpoint: if DNA did not replicate properly, apoptosis occurs.
Mitotic checkpoint: if spindles are not assembled properly, mitosis will not continue.
hormones and growth factors: cause chemical change within cells and cause them to divide.

Question 33

explain the events that occur in each stage of mitosis

Answer 33

1. prophase: spindle fibers appear, nuclear envelope fragments, chromosomes condense.
2. prometaphase: Spindles attach to centromeres.
3. metaphase: chromosomes line at metaphase plate.
4. anaphase: chromatids are pulled to opposite ends by centriole.
5. telophase: nuclear membrane forms, chromosomes become chromatin. Cytokinesis takes place.

Question 34

describe how cytoplasm is divided between daughter cells following mitosis.

Question 35

explain how meiosis increases genetic variation and actin filaments pinch the cell in half.

Answer 35

cleavage furrow develops around cell

Question 36

differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogensis

Answer 36

Spermatogenesis: primary (diploid) go through meiosis 1 to form two haploid secondary spermatocytes. They go through meiosis 2 to form four spermatids. All four daughter cells become sperm

Oogenesis: primary is divided into 2 haploid cells (unequally sized. Smaller is polar body). secondary is ovulated and then begins meiosis 2 and stops at M2 unless fertilized. If fertilized results in one egg and 2-3 polar bodies.

Question 37

list the outcomes, similarities, and differences between meiosis 1, meiosis 2, and mitosis

Answer 37

Mitosis: 2 identical cells
Meiosis 1: 2 haploid daughter cell
meiosis 2: 4 haploid daughter cells.
mitosis is similar to meiosis 2.

Question 38

explain how nondisjunction produces monosomy and trisomy conditions

Answer 38

trisomy: 2n+1
monosomy: 2n-1
the chromosomes didn’t separate correctly.

Question 39

describe the effects of deletions, duplication, inversions, and translocations on chromosome structure

Answer 39

Deletion: part of the chromosome breaks off
Duplication: extra segments on one chromosome
Inversion: segment is upside down
Translocation: segment moves from one chromosome to another nonhomologous chromosome.