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biology 1108 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

potential energy

A

Energy due to an object’s position or state.

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2
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Process converting CO2 and sunlight into glucose.

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3
Q

Respiration

A

Conversion of glucose into ATP for energy.

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4
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy is lost as heat in systems.

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5
Q

Electromagnetic Energy

A

Energy associated with charged particles.

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6
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement from high to low concentration.

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7
Q

Active Transport

A

Energy-requiring movement against concentration gradient

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8
Q

Passive Transport

A

Movement along concentration gradient without energy.

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9
Q

Gravitational Potential Energy

A

Energy based on height above ground.

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10
Q

Chemical Potential Energy

A

Energy stored in molecular bonds

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11
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Strong bond formed by shared electrons

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12
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons, resulting in energy loss.

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13
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons, resulting in energy gain.

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14
Q

OIL RIG

A

Mnemonic for Oxidation Is Losing, Reduction Is Gaining.

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15
Q

Redox Reactions

A

Reactions involving oxidation and reduction processes.

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16
Q

Gradient

A

Difference in concentration or energy levels.

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17
Q

Carbon-based Life

A

Life forms primarily composed of carbon compounds.

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18
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

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19
Q

Cellulose

A

Complex carbohydrate forming plant cell walls.

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20
Q

C6H12O6

A

Chemical formula for glucose, a simple sugar.

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21
Q

Stable Electron Configuration

A

Atoms with full outer electron shells.

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22
Q

Excited State

A

Higher energy state of electrons far from nucleus.

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23
Q

Partial Charge

A

Uneven distribution of electron density in molecules.

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24
Q

Covalent Bond Energy Order

A

C-C < C-H < C-O based on potential energy.

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25
Q

chloroplast

A

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs in plants.

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26
Q

Palisade Cells

A

Mesophyll cells in leaves for photosynthesis

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27
Q

Cell Wall

A

Rigid structure made of cellulose in plant cells.

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28
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Theory explaining chloroplasts’ origin from cyanobacteria.

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29
Q

Thylakoids

A

Membrane structures where light reactions occur.

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30
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid-filled space where light-independent reactions occur.

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31
Q

Photosystems

A

Complexes of pigments that capture light energy.

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32
Q

Chlorophyll A

A

Most abundant pigment, absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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33
Q

Light Reactions

A

Convert light energy into chemical energy

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34
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

Light-independent reactions converting CO2 into sugar.

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35
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A

Series of proteins transferring electrons during photosynthesis.

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36
Q

Photosystem II

A

First photosystem that captures light energy.

37
Q

Chlorophyll +

A

Oxidized form of chlorophyll after losing an electron.

38
Q

Water Splitting

A

Process producing O2, H+, and electrons during light reactions.

39
Q

Reducing Agent

A

Substance that donates electrons in redox reactions.

40
Q

Oxidizing Agent

A

Substance that accepts electrons in redox reactions.

41
Q

Photon

A

Light particle that excites electrons in chlorophyll.

42
Q

Reactants of Photosynthesis

A

CO2, water, and light energy are required.

43
Q

Products of Photosynthesis

A

Glucose and oxygen are produced.

44
Q

Light Absorption

A

Chlorophyll captures specific wavelengths of light.

45
Q

NADPH

A

energy carrier produced in light reactions.

46
Q

ATP

A

Energy currency produced during light reactions.

47
Q

Chlorophyll Excitation

A

the process where a chlorophyll molecule absorbs light energy from a photon, causing an electron within the molecule to jump to a higher energy level

48
Q

Q: What process converts solar energy into chemical energy?

A

photosynthesis

49
Q

Q: What is the main product of photosynthesis that stores chemical energy?

A

Glucose

50
Q

Q: What type of energy do gradients represent in biological systems?

A

Potential energy

51
Q

Q: How does potential energy change with electron position in an atom?

A

Electrons further from the nucleus have higher potential energy.

52
Q

Q: What bonds have the highest potential energy in carbon-based molecules?

A

C-H bonds

53
Q

Q: During photosynthesis, how does carbon’s potential energy change?

A

Carbon’s potential energy increases as CO₂ is converted into organic molecules like glucose.

54
Q

Q: How is potential energy influenced by height?

A

Objects that are higher have more gravitational potential energy.

55
Q

Q: What is the relationship between the size of a gradient and potential energy?

A

The larger the gradient (difference), the more potential energy is stored.

56
Q

Q: How does electron distance from the nucleus affect potential energy?

A

Electrons farther from the nucleus have more potential energy.

57
Q

Q: How is solar energy captured during photosynthesis?

A

Solar energy excites electrons in chlorophyll, converting it into chemical energy.

58
Q

Q: What is the order of bond potential energy from highest to lowest?

A

C-H bonds (highest), C-C bonds (medium), C-O bonds (lowest).

59
Q

Q: What happens during oxidation and reduction?

A

Oxidation is losing energy (electrons or hydrogen), and reduction is gaining energy.

60
Q

Q: In photosynthesis, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced?

A

Water is oxidized, and carbon dioxide is reduced.

61
Q

Q: How are oxidation and reduction paired in reactions?

A

Whenever one molecule is oxidized (loses electrons), another is reduced (gains electrons).

62
Q

Q: What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom (bonded to an electronegative atom like O or N) and another electronegative atom.

63
Q

Q: What type of atoms typically participate in hydrogen bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds usually involve hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.

64
Q

How do hydrogen bonds affect water?

A

Hydrogen bonds give water its high boiling point, surface tension, and excellent solvent properties.

65
Q

What role do hydrogen bonds play in DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds hold together the complementary base pairs (A-T, G-C) in the DNA double helix.

66
Q

The potential energy from the electron that is excited in Photosystem II is (directly) used to do which of the following in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?

Create NADPH from NADP+

Nothing, it’s released entirely as heat.

Actively transport H+ ions through ATP-Synthase to make ATP

Pump H+ ions into the Lumen

A

pump h+ ions into lumen

67
Q

n deep sea vents, archaea have evolved to have lots of strange metabolic pathways that allow prokaryotes to live in incredibly harsh environments. In one of these archaea, Pyrolobus uses hydrogen gas (H2) and elemental sulfur (S8) to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

A few organisms like tube worms can use the usually toxic H2S to make other necessary compounds, but in order to do that they have to convert ATP into ADP.

In the above example, the conversion of elemental sulfur (S8) to produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) by Pyrolobus is an example of ______________.

The tube worms conversion of H2S to other useful compounds is _______________.

oxidation : oxidation

reduction : oxidation

reduction : reduction

oxidation : reduction

A

reduction: reduction

68
Q

In PS1, light energy is being transferred to chemical potential energy as an excited electron in chlorophyll is transferred to NADP+. In this way NADP+ is __________ chlorophyll.

oxidizing

reducing

A

oxidizing

69
Q

Order the following bonds based on the distance shared electrons are from a nucleus (potential energy) from low to high.
C-H Covalent Bond
C-O Covalent Bond
C-C Covalent Bond

A

3,1,2

70
Q

Which of the following describes a system using active transport?

Cations from inside a neuron move into the negatively charged regions outside of neurons through openings in the cell membrane.

Hydrogen (H+) ions in high concentrations in the lumen of a thylakoid flow through ATP-Synthase into the stroma where there is a low concentration of H+ ions.

ATP generated in the mitochondria travels out into the cell’s cytoplasm where ATP in consumed quickly.

Neurotransmitter molecules floating around in the synapse (space) between neurons are moved into vesicles (storage organelles) packed full of neurotransmitters to be used again later.

A

Neurotransmitter molecules floating around in the synapse (space) between neurons are moved into vesicles (storage organelles) packed full of neurotransmitters to be used again later

71
Q

In a SINGLE turn of the Calvin cycle, how many CO2 molecules are brought in?

1

2

3

6

A

1

72
Q

The energy used for the reduction of PGA to G3P in the Calvin cycle comes (directly) from the oxidation of ______. [Select all that apply]

water
NADP+
CO2
ATP
NADPH
ADP

A

ATP and NADPH

73
Q

Order the following bonds based on their potential energy from low [1] to high [3].
C-C
C-O
C-H

A

2, 1,3

74
Q

True or False: If the sun stops shining and chlorophyll molecules stop getting hit with photons, no ATP will be made.

The H+ gradient is established using the energy from chlorophyll’s excited electrons flowing through in the ETC.

The photons hitting ATP-synthase are what allows for the reduction of ADP into ATP

The Calvin Cycle will stop spinning, so there won’t be any ADP for the ATP-synthase to reduce into ATP.

ATP can still be made because ATP-synthase doesn’t need light.

A

True: The H+ gradient is established using the energy from chlorophyll’s excited electrons flowing through in the ETC.

75
Q

How many ATP are needed to make a complete glucose molecule?

3

6

12

18

24

A

18

76
Q

Can the Calvin Cycle continue to run in the dark?

Yes, light is not a reactant needed for the Calvin Cycle, so it would just continue to cycle around.

No, while it might run for a minute or 2, the Calvin cycle won’t run for long in the dark because it would run out of the reactants it needs.

A

no while it might run for a minute or 2, the Calvin cycle won’t run for long in the dark because it would run out of the reactants it needs.

77
Q

(before knowing about what happens prior to ATP generation) the steps of light reactions in order,

A

1Photons excite chlorophyll in Photosystem II
__2__ An excited electron is ripped off of chlorophyll and enters the ETC (water will then be oxidized to replace the missing electron in chlorophyll)
__3__ The electron enters the ETC and is passed from carrier protein to carrier protein
__4__ Energy from the electron moving back to ground state is used to pump H+ ions into the lumen
(5) The electron from the ETC is added to an oxidized chlorophyll molecule
(6) Photons excite a chlorophyll molecule in Photosystem I
__7__ An excited electron is ripped off of chlorophyll and given to NADP+
__8__ NADPH will transfer chemical potential energy to the Calvin Cycle

78
Q

Which of the following are TRUE regarding how water moves through plants?

A plant given unlimited access to water will transpire more in Arizona (hot/dry) than in Athens (hot/humid)

Water moves faster through xylem when the stomata are open

Water moves through xylem from high to low water concentration via osmosis

Stomata open when water is in short supply because of the loss of osmotic (turgor) pressure

Dissolved sugars are also transported through the xylem

A

A plant given unlimited access to water will transpire more in Arizona (hot/dry) than in Athens (hot/humid)

Water moves faster through xylem when the stomata are open

79
Q

Which statement is FALSE regarding vascular tissues in plants?

Negative pressure forces water up through xylem “tubes” much faster when stomata are open.

Xylem moves water from the leaves to the roots on very humid days since water vapor can flow into stomata for use in photosynthesis.

Phloem moves sugar from the leaves to places like roots or fruits.

Osmosis is going to move water through phloem from places with low amounts of dissolved molecules into more concentrated tissues or cells.

A

Xylem moves water from the leaves to the roots on very humid days since water vapor can flow into stomata for use in photosynthesis.

80
Q

If you planted a handful of basil seeds in a pot where phosphorus (not light) was the limiting resource, those basil plants are likely to allocate most of their resources into their _________.

stems

roots

leaves

flowers

A

roots

81
Q

Hydrogen bonds are vital for water to be able to move through xylem because _____________________.

the interactions between the partial charges of water molecules allow for capillary action to draw water up.

water can only form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules so it does not get stuck inside the xylem tubes as it moves up through a plant.

water vapor in the leaves form hydrogen bonds with the guard cells, controlling their opening or closing and therefore the rate of water loss from plants.

they allow water to bond to the cellulose of the xylem cell walls by sharing electrons with those molecules.

A

the interactions between the partial charges of water molecules allow for capillary action to draw water up.

81
Q

Plant cell walls and, as a result, the highest percentage of biomass in plants is made of what molecule?

CO2

glucose

proteins

cellulose

A

cellulose

82
Q

Which of these is NOT a change in the climate of the Sonoran Desert that we expect over the next century?

The total amount of precipitation that falls will decrease

The frequency of droughts will increase

The frequency of floods will decrease

Average temperatures will continue to rise

A

The frequency of floods will decrease

83
Q

If stomata are always open, which of the following statements is TRUE?

CO2 concentrations in the leaf will go down

O2 concentrations will increase inside the leaf

The plant must always have access to enough water

Photosynthesis rates will fall

Guard cells are flaccid

A

The plant must always have access to enough water

84
Q

Which of the following are TRUE regarding how water moves through plants? [Select all that apply]

Water moves through xylem from high to low water concentration via osmosis

Stomata open when water is in short supply because of the loss of osmotic (turgor) pressure

Water moves faster through xylem when the stomata are open

Dissolved sugars are also transported through the xylem

A plant given unlimited access to water will transpire more in Arizona (hot/dry) than in Athens (hot/humid)

A

Water moves faster through xylem when the stomata are open

A plant given unlimited access to water will transpire more in Arizona (hot/dry) than in Athens (hot/humid)

84
Q

What would happen if the stomata stayed closed for a week?

The amount of water inside the plant would stay high

Gas exchange rates would be zero

CO2 concentrations would increase in the leaves

Photosynthetic rate would fall

Water would continue to move up through the xylem

O2 concentrations would decrease in the leaves

A

The amount of water inside the plant would stay high
Gas exchange rates would be zero
Photosynthetic rate would fall

85
Q

Sonoran desert annuals have different strategies of growth (evolutionary tradeoff) in these harsh desert conditions. One strategy is for plants to grow quickly but loose a lot of water in the process (High RGR / Low WUE). The other strategy is to grow slowly, but conserve water (Low RGR / High WUE).

Which kind of species is likely to have larger leaves?

Low RGR / High WUE

High RGR / Low WUE

A

High RGR / Low WUE

86
Q

With climate change, we expect a few different changes to happen to precipitation in the Sonoran Desert. Match the change to the kind of winter annual that would most benefit (or lose least) from that change.
(answer Porsche or Prius)
Sonoran desert will receive less rain overall.

Rain will fall more as large, intense rain events, instead of small ones.

A

prius
Porsche

87
Q

When the intercellular space of a plant is more dilute (in terms of solute) than the intracellular fluids, water will flow _________ due to osmosis, producing __________ cells.

into : flaccid

out of : flaccid

out of : turgid

into : turgid

A

into : turgid

biology 1108 (2 decks)

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