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Animal Cognition > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What was Nim’s average utterance length?

A

~1 word

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2
Q

Ake the Dolphin lea ned a se ies of gestures that communicated commands and objects. What else did she lea n?

A

strict grammar

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3
Q

Dianna monkey males have two alarm calls. One for leopards, and one for what else?

A

eagles

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4
Q

how many words did chaser learn?

A

1000

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5
Q

chaser’s vocabulary growth was more similar to which animal?

A

a human child

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6
Q

true or false: most animals have an unbounded signal set for communication

A

false

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7
Q

alarm calls are a potential example of which aspect of language?

A

functional reference

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8
Q

A dolphin has a non-irritating ink mark placed around its eye. What task is this a part of?

A

mirror self-recognition

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9
Q

In meerkats, adults teach young pups how to hunt. What is an example of modifying what is taught to match skill level?

A

removing stingers from scorpions

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10
Q

what does the bee waggle dance convey?

A

distance and direction of food

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11
Q

how do chickadees modify their alarm call to convey info about predators?

A

vary the number of “dee” notes

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12
Q

specificity of alarm calls evolves against what?

A

variety of responses to threats

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13
Q

which of our language trained animals uttered this phrase: :”give orange me give eat orange…..”

A

nim

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14
Q

specific mutations in the Foxp2 gene are associated with what?

A

speaking

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15
Q

which animal reached 100% on trial 2 of the learning set procedure fastest?

A

dunnarts

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16
Q

what is yerkish?

A

fake, symbolic language created for animals at yerkes

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17
Q

detecting the patterns in this sentence “Jill remembered the time James said that I like cats that catch mice” to derive meaning is an example of what?

A

recursion

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18
Q

cephalization index

A
  • Measure of brain size after accounting for body mass (k value)
  • Higher K values means a larger brain than average
  • Comparing brain size or K values would not account for differences in brain development for non-cognitive functions
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19
Q

what is a learning set study?

A
  • series of extremely simple discriminations
  • one choice is rewarded, other is not
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20
Q

how does a learning set study work?

A
  • On the first trial for each pair, you don’t know which is correct
  • So you have to guess
    But after that you theoretically have all the information you need -> you know that only one option is correct for each pair, and that never changes
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21
Q

referential communication

A

ability to provide and understand specific info

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22
Q

limited signal set

A

some animals utilize only a few signals with varying intensities and context

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23
Q

unbound signal set

A

human language is unbound -> combining signals to create other signal

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24
Q

recursion

A

patterns with patterns

e.g. “Jill remembered the time that James said that I like cats that catch mice”

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25
Q

what his controversial about recursion?

A

not universally accepted -> may be limited to some languages/cultures

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26
Q

functional reference

A

signals that indicate what will happen next

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27
Q

alarm call specificity and independence

A

specificity: signal specific for purpose

independence: receiver responds regardless of whether they can see references object

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28
Q

situational displacement

A

In human language, discussion about food or danger does not require that stimulus be present

29
Q

animal examples of situational displacement?

A
  • bee waggle dance
  • caching birds
30
Q

intention

A

generally use language with the intent of informing

e.g. teaching

31
Q

what did Lana learn when communicating with the machine?

A

If the machine requires specific input for reward

Is she learning to construct sentences?
Or, is she learning that a series of button presses = reward?

32
Q

Nim vs child vocab growth

A

nim’s didn’t grow while child’s did

33
Q

ASL studies

A

didn’t really work
- animals had to be molded and couldn’t spontaneously utilize

34
Q

kanzi vs child (alia) sentence comprehension

A

performed similarly

35
Q

caveats to kanzi study

A

1) argue his correct responses were wildly over interpreted
2) some say only grammatically correct 30% of the time

36
Q

ake the dolphin study

A
  • trained to learn 50 gestures
  • displaced reference tests: given command to find specific object out of view -> rewarded for finding it
  • learned strict grammatical structure
  • 83% correct out of 193 novel sentences
  • also ignored grammatically correct but semantically nonsense commands
37
Q

What is conscious awareness?

A

being self aware and other aware

38
Q

What is a sense of self?

A

We perceive ourselves as unique and distinct from others

39
Q

what animals have passed the mirror self recognition test?

A
  • Humans, Chimps, Orangutans show they know that their own behavior is the source of the behavior in the mirror
  • dolphins and elephants less accepted as passing
40
Q

why is the mirror self-recognition test so popular?

A

Limited evidence of other animals supports idea of human (and great ape) intelligence being above other animals

41
Q

Why is it important for animals to be aware of the attentional state of others?

A

May not want others watching you

E.g. food caching - don’t want others to watch where you store your food

42
Q

Theory of Mind

A

ability to understand the contents and knowledge state of another individual

43
Q

Theory of Mind experiments

A
  • guesser/knower experiments (baited cups)
  • begging studies
  • competitor tasks
  • object choice tasks
44
Q

rescue behaviors in dogs

A
  • About 1/3 of dogs tested opened the box during owner distress
  • Dogs also showed different levels of stress in the owner distress condition
45
Q

rescue behaviors in ants

A
  • Ants are very precise in their rescuing -> Injured ants must be physically active
  • Exclusively focused towards nest mates
46
Q

rescue behaviors in rats

A
  • Rats appear to rescue other rats trapped in a tube

Earlier studies allowed the trapped rat, upon being freed, to enter the room with the free rat:
- This leads to two interpretations
1) empathy
2) free rat is rewarded with social contact

47
Q

what is the perception action model?

A

Rescuer shares the emotional experience of the distressed individual

Sufficient levels of distress prompt action in the rescuer

48
Q

prosocial behavior in rats

A
  • Rats will open the cage even when the trapped rat is released to the other side
  • When given the choice between a trapped rat and chocolate, they will open both but typically share the chocolate
49
Q

altruism

A
  • assistance behaviors towards others without immediate benefit for the individual
  • considered a higher-level emotion
50
Q

inclusive fitness

A

help/assist kin

51
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

Assisting another with the assumption that individual will return the favor in the future

52
Q

what is learned in social learning?

A

1) Contingencies
2) Specific behaviors
3) Points of interest

53
Q

social facilitation

A

Behavior modified in the presence of others
no new learning

54
Q

social facilitation examples

A

1) shared vigilance
2) dilution effect

55
Q

stimulus enhancement

A

an animal is more likely to do something when another animal draws its attention to a stimulus

56
Q

local enhancement

A

an animal is more likely to move to a location after seeing a conspecific in that location

57
Q

how does the UK bird example illustrate stimulus enhancement?

A

Birds saw each other interacting with the foil cap, and then had attention drawn to the cap -> figured out how to open them separately

58
Q

observational learning

A

changes in behavior of an observer following observation of a model

59
Q

vicarious observational learning example

A

you see someone eat something and get sick so now you find that food revolting

60
Q

correspondence problem

A

What I observe appears different when I replicate

61
Q

imitation vs emulation

A

imitation: Observer’s form becomes like the model’s

emulation: observer attempts to achieve a goal after the demonstrator does so (not doing the exact same behavior tho)

62
Q

imitation vs observational learning

A

observational learning can be imitation but not always

63
Q

dolphin do as I do

A
  • Can be trained to imitate vocal and motor behaviors
  • One dolphin even trained to imitate behaviors blindfolded
64
Q

what is over imitation?

A

the tendency to copy all of a model’s actions, even components that are clearly irrelevant for the task at hand

children do this

65
Q

What would lead animals to emulate or over-imitate?

A

more likely to emulate other they have social relationships with

66
Q

teaching example: cats

A

1) mother catches prey and bring it to kittens
2) at first its dead then she starts to bring it alive -> shows kids how to kill it
4) finally accompanies them out to hunt after getting good at killing the prey she brings back

67
Q

teaching example: meerkats

A

1) present dead scorpions to pups
2) then move to scorpions with stingers removed

multistep approach seems to improve learning

68
Q

is the bee waggle dance teaching or communication?

A

communication

Animal Cognition (3 decks)

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