Exam 3

Question 1

Immigration Act of 1965

Answer 1

• Eliminated a nation-based quota system which was set in the Immigration Act of 1924
• Established preference: Family ties, Refugee status, and Special skills
• Set annual maximum immigration quota (total 170,000/year, and for each nation, 20,000/year)

Question 2

IRCA of 1986

Answer 2

• Employers must verify the status of new employees, and if they neglect to do so, they will be fined.
• Amnesty = Anyone who can prove that they lived in the U.S. since January 1, 1982 or before can obtain a green card.
• Agribusiness Guest Worker Program (Immigrant guest workers can enter the U.S. on a temporary basis.)

Question 3

Immigration Act of 1990

Answer 3

• Increased an annual maximum to 700,000
• Created a preference for immigrants from recently underrepresented nations. (Called “diversity immigration”)
• Created a preference for immigrant investors

Question 4

Immigration Act of 1996

Answer 4

Under this immigration act, 1) one cannot appeal the deportation decision, 2) deportation can be enforced retroactively, 3) one will be incarcerated while awaiting for deportation, 4) a judge’s discretion to waive deportation is reduced, and 5) it mandated deportation of immigrants convicted of drug offense.

Question 5

Segmented Assimilation

Answer 5

A particular immigrant group tends to assimilate into a specific sector of American society (e.g. immigrants from India into a high tech. sector in Silicon Valley)

Question 6

DACA

Answer 6

• Established on June 15, 2012, by President Obama
• The policy allowed certain undocumented immigrants to escape deportation and obtain renewable work permits for a period of two years.
• To apply, immigrants had to be younger than 31 on June 15, 2012, must have come to the U.S. before the age of 16, and must have lived in the U.S. since 2007 (and must pay $495 fee.)
• 800,000 immigrants received DACA status.

Question 7

Transitional bilingual education

Answer 7

Students learn subjects in their native languages, while they study English as a second language (eventually to be included into regular classrooms)

Question 8

Immersion

Answer 8

Students are taught subjects in English by teachers using simplified English

Question 9

Submersion

Answer 9

the act of being, or putting something in

Question 10

Maintenance bilingual education

Answer 10

Students learn subjects in both English and native languages through team-teaching (one teacher in English and another in native languages in the same classroom) or morning-afternoon switch (e.g., English in the morning and native languages in the afternoon).

Question 11

Lau v. Nichols (1974)

Answer 11

Submersion (putting ELL students in regular classrooms without proper accommodation) is unconstitutional.

Question 12

Horne v. Flores (2009)

Answer 12

This decision affirmed “immersion” as an effective strategy, thus transitional or maintenance types were not to be used.

Question 13

Proposition 227

Answer 13

(California) 1998
– 61% voted for it.
– All children in California will be taught only in English.
– ELL students will be placed in one-year immersion programs

Question 14

Consonant acculturation

Answer 14

Assimilation into American culture occurs at the same speed and extent across generations

Question 15

Dissonant acculturation

Answer 15

After immigration, children’s assimilation into American culture is much faster and far-reaching than parents

Question 16

Immigrant Optimism

Answer 16

“America is a land of opportunity.”
why Asian Americans stresses the importance of education so much
While Asian success in education and subsequent career has been interpreted to affirm the immigrant optimism narrative, the reason Asian Americans emphasize the importance of education is more aligned with the immigrant pessimism position

Question 17

Immigrant Pessimism

Answer 17

“America is a land of racial discrimination.”
why Asian Americans stresses the importance of education so much
Namely, from immigrant pessimism perspective, Asian Americans stress education in order to shield themselves from racial discrimination

Question 18

What is the essence of Cornel West’s point on how to engage in a serious discussion of race in America?

Answer 18

“To engage in a serious discussion of race in America, we must begin with the flaws of American society – flaws rooted in historic inequalities and longstanding cultural stereotypes.”

Question 19

What are the Four Patterns of Immigrant Settlement?

Answer 19

Concentration
Diffusion
Uneven Settlement
Segmented Assimilation

Question 20

Which six states are absorbing 70% of newly arriving immigrants today?

Answer 20

CA, NY, TX, FL, NJ, IL
Concentration!

Question 21

Diffusion

Answer 21

Since the 1990s, more immigrants moved to the states, such as North Carolina, Kansas, Nebraska, etc. (Due to job opportunity)

Question 22

Uneven Settlement

Answer 22

Within each state, immigrants tend to settle in specific localities.

Question 23

What law did the city of Hazleton pass in 2006?

Answer 23

the local ordinance which 1) revokes the licenses of business that employed undocumented immigrants and 2) fines the landlords who rent to undocumented immigrants

Question 24

What did the federal appeals court decide about this Hazleton law on September 9, 2010?

Answer 24

struck down the Hazleton ordinance, because it infringed on the federal government’s exclusive power to regulate immigration

Question 25

What was happening in Farmingville in the late-1990s and the early-2000s? What was the specific issue?

Answer 25

Many Hispanic immigrants moved to Farmingville, New York, due to job opportunities on various locations in Long Island.
Issue: Day laborer hiring site.
In response to many Hispanic men standing at the corner of streets waiting for a business owner who hires for a short period of time, the local authority considered to establish the day laborer hiring site. After the lengthy process that divided the community, the motion was defeated.

Question 26

What characterizes Arizona’s immigration bill signed into law in April 2010?

Answer 26

• It makes it a crime under state law to be in the country without proper documents. (The significance of this is, with this, state agent, such as state troopers, can enforce immigration laws.)
• It requires immigrants to have proof of their immigration status.
• It requires police officers to make “reasonable” attempt to determine the immigration status of a person.

Question 27

What characterizes Alabama’s immigration bill in June 2011?

Answer 27

• It had all the above in Arizona bill and went beyond.
• It requires public schools to determine the immigration status of all students.
• It requires public schools to publish the number of undocumented immigrant children and the costs (tax) associated with their education.

Question 28

Why did anti-immigration conflicts (including the passage of laws) at local and state levels occur in the 2000s and early 2010s - What was the federal government doing during this period?

Answer 28

Local ordinances and state bills reflect the frustration over the federal government’s ineffective enforcement of immigration policy. So, what was the federal government doing?
Border Security: Border fence building (Clinton), Virtual border fence (Bush-Obama), and Border Wall (Trump)
Deportation: During the first decade of 21st century, 2.2 million undocumented immigrants were deported.
In all, billions of dollars were spent, but the number of undocumented immigrants did not significantly change.

Question 29

How many ELL students are there in the U.S.? Which state has the highest number of ELL students?

Answer 29

about 5.1 million ELL (English language learner) students in the U.S. public schools (10%)
California has the largest share with 1.4 million ELL students (25%)

Question 30

What happened with the History of Bilingual Education in 1839

Answer 30

Ohio became the first state that implemented a bilingual education (German-English).
[Prior to this, it was all at the local level.]

Question 31

1968 Bilingual Education Act:

Answer 31

As a part of equal educational opportunity act, this required schools to offer special English instruction to ELL students while they learn subjects in their native languages.

Question 32

History of Bilingual Education in 1970’s, 80’s, 90’s:

Answer 32

School districts implemented (experimented) different types of bilingual education.
1990s Heightened criticism against bilingual education

Question 33

Characteristics/profiles of Asian Americans

Answer 33

• 5.9% of U.S. population
• 6 largest groups account for 83% of Asian Americans
• Chinese (4.9 million), Indian (4 million), Filipino (3.9 million), Vietnamese (2 million), Korean (1.8 million), Japanese (1.4 million)
• Asian unauthorized immigrants made up about 13% of the 11.1 million who live in the U.S.
• Age 25 and older with a bachelor’s degree: Asian 51% (U.S.: 30%; White 32%, Black 18%; Hispanic 14%) [hence, the “model minority” myth]
• BA or more: Indian 72%, Korean 53%, Chinese 51%, Filipino 47%, Japanese 46%, Vietnamese 26%