Exam 3

Question 1

Tim Ingold

Answer 1

That all materials have physical properties or qualities beyond those involved in making something

Question 2

Gustaf Oscar Montelius

Answer 2

Typologies were based on finished end products, believed to reflect cultural norms, especially in terms of descriptive or stylistic types that are most likely to show change over time and regional differences

Question 3

Marcel Mauss

Answer 3

Especially in his 1935 essay “Techniques of the Body,” an examination of cultural differences in body gestures, postures, movements, and skills

Question 4

Bleed

Answer 4

They have a duration: a beginning, an ostensible end, and a temporal direction in A series time

Question 5

André Leroi-Gourhan

Answer 5

A chaîne opératoire (operational chain) that details all the human steps necessary to transform a “raw” material into a useable artifact

Question 6

Michael Schiffer

Answer 6

“Behavioral chain” and “object life history” was concerned with how artifacts change from their production to use and finally to deposition

Question 7

Marcia-Anne Dobres

Answer 7

Its social aspects need to return to a central place in studies of technology that have too often focused on the products of technology

Question 8

Ken Sassaman

Answer 8

Observes, all humans craft, but for many persons craft is essential to their identity as a person, especially for full or part-time specialist craftsmen

Question 9

Julian Thomas

Answer 9

Observes that peoples of the past would have held different views on social personhood and individual versus collective agency

Question 10

Robert Hertz

Answer 10

Treated the corpse as a social, not just a biological, entity, and funerary rites were part of a process of transition for both the deceased and for the society he departed; the “mourners” were also changed

Question 11

Ian Hodder

Answer 11

People become entangled with unstable things in motion with their own properties

Question 12

Bruno Latour

Answer 12

everything exists in a network of interactive relationships, including people, technology, and non-living or inanimate objects

Question 13

Gordon R. Willey

Answer 13

Raised the significant issue that communities do not exist in isolation from one another. His recognition of the importance of relationships
amend sites within a geographically defined region was a first social archaeology

Question 14

Richard Bradley

Answer 14

Places meaningful to people but not built by humans, as far as we can tell. In order to recognize them, archaeologists have to find traces of human activity, and from those traces investigate how these places
may have been meaningful, experienced, and connected to other places

Question 15

Maurice Halbwachs

Answer 15

Applying his approach, we can see that the St Johns and other mounds were places of “memory production,” important to the operation of social fields and alliances among the various local groups in the region

Question 16

Jakob von Uexküll

Answer 16

Rather than organize his observations in terms of species living in a niche within a totalizing “environment,” von Uexküll concentrated on the life courses and experiences of individual animals, an approach that shows influence from phenomenological philosophy

Question 17

Andrew Sherratt

Answer 17

Argued for two different phases of the Neolithic in terms of human-animal relationships. Whereas the early Neolithic was marked by a growing
reliance on domesticated animals and plants, they tended to be exploited directly for food

Question 18

Chris Gosden

Answer 18

The term indigenous–more often parsed as “Indian” in the Americas–was not universally accepted and the designation itself was becoming a political hot potato. An alternative label for indigenous peoples whose lands were invaded by outside colonizers are “First Nations.”

Question 19

T. J. Ferguson

Answer 19

It combines the scientific archaeology typical of our discipline–the usual methods of excavation and analysis–with greater attention to information on religion, culture, language, kinship, and traditional history, as well as material culture that is of concern to the local group

Question 20

Holtorf and Fairclough

Answer 20

It is impossible to save or “preserve” everything, especially
every object, structure

Question 21

Charles Fairbanks

Answer 21

On excavating the still-standing slave cabins at Kingsley Plantation near Jacksonville in 1968. Historical archaeology later focused on the spread of capitalism and the modern world system after c. 1500

Question 22

William Rathje

Answer 22

In the early 1970s Rathje and his students at the University of Arizona began collecting garbage bags from households in Tucson neighborhoods, what became known as “le projet du garbage.”

Question 23

Philip Kohl

Answer 23

Of the failures of the “new” archaeology to produce any legitimate covering laws, meaning that “the positivist goal of absolute objectivity today seems unattainable”

Question 24

Charles Sanders Peirce

Answer 24

Already introduced to you as the father of American semiotics or
sign-theory–although modern scholars have interpreted his ideas rather differently; abduction