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Cell Biology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation vs Proton Motive Force ATP Production

A

SLP: in cytoplasm (glycolysis) and mitochondrial matrix (Krebs cycle). absence of oxygen.
PMF: occurs in membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Starts with light or nutrients, respectively.

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2
Q

Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs)

A

Specialized regions of the ER that directly contact mitochondria and influence mitochondrial shape, function, and sites of fission.

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3
Q

Locations of Krebs Cycle and ETC

A

K: Mitochondrial matrix.
ETC: inner mitochondrial membrane.

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4
Q

Products of Krebs Cycle

A

NADH
GTP
FADH2 (carries electrons to complex II)
CO2

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5
Q

Allosteric downregulation of cellular respiration

A

Excess ATP allosterically interacts with and downregulates the conversion of Fructose 6 phosphate to Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate via phosphofructokinase.

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6
Q

Redox Potential

A

Tendency of acquiring electrons.
More positive = greater affinity.

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7
Q

Flow of Electrons in ETC from NADH and FADH2

A

N: Complex I, Complex III, Complex IV
F: Complex II, Complex III, Complex IV

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8
Q

Pulse Chase Experiment

A

Used radioactive P54 to find that secretory proteins are located in the ER lumen directly after synthesis.

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9
Q

SRP

A

Directs proteins into organelles. Translocon on organelle membranes allows entrance.

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10
Q

Location of post-translational modifications

A

Rough ER

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11
Q

ERAD

A

ER Associated Degradation.
Misfolded proteins are tagged by ubiquitin, transported into the cytoplasm, and degraded by proteasomes.

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12
Q

ER Resident Chaperone Proteins:
PDI
Bip
Calnexin/Calreticulin
Oligosaccharide Transferase

A

PDI: oxidized form forms disulfide bonds and corrects improperly folded disulfide bonds.
Bip: prevents premature folding.
C/C: assist in folding process.
OT: transfer OSs from FAs to proteins; attaches them to Asparagine on peptide chains.

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13
Q

Type I, II, and IV integral proteins

A

Type I: N Terminal in either ER lumen or outside of cell.
Type II: N Terminal in cytosol. No ER signal or signal anchor sequence.
Type IV: multiple passes.

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14
Q

COP II

A

ER to cis Golgi (anterograde).
2 coats: Sec 23/24 and Sec 13/31.

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15
Q

COP I

A

Cis Golgi to ER (retrograde).
Coat has 7 components.

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16
Q

Clathrin

A

Trans Golgi or Plasma Membrane to endosome or lysosome.
TG: AP1 and Clathrin.
PM: AP2 and Clathrin.

17
Q

Vesicle Fusion

A

SNARE Complex
Disassembly mediated by NSF and ATP hydrolysis.

18
Q

KDEL/KKXX

A

Signals for retrograde traffic for escaped ER resident proteins to return to ER.

19
Q

Processes carried out in Cis, Medial, and Trans Golgi

A

Cis: Mannose trimming (mannosidase).
Medial: hyperacetylation in glucose derivatives, addition of fucose.
Trans: addition of galactose.

20
Q

Movement of cargo in Golgi

A

Anterograde: cis maturation.
Retrograde: COP I.

21
Q

Mannose-6-Phosphate

A

Directs proteins to endosome/lysosome.
Phosphorylation of Mannose occurs in Golgi.

22
Q

Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Membrane Proteins

A

E: long range via bloodstream; insulin.
P: secretory cells; short range via diffusion; NTs, GFs.
A: own cell; short range via diffusion; tumor cells.
MP: adjacent cells; no travel required; during development.

23
Q

Protein Kinases
Phosphatases

A

Kinase: causes phosphorylation.
Phosphatase: causes dephosphorylation.

24
Q

IP and AP

A

IP: agonist of Epi.
AP: antagonist of Epi.

25
Q

GPCR-IP3 Pathway

A

Involves Calcium
Produces nitrous oxide gas that relaxes smooth muscle and reduces BP.

26
Q

TGF-Beta and SKI

A

TGF-B: tumor suppressor; increases production of ECM.
SKI: oncogenic; antagonist of SMAD; shuts down TGF-B and SMAD along with HDAC and causes cancerous cells.

27
Q

Hyperactivity of EpoR, JAK, or STAT can cause…

A

Cancer of blood or other.
Can utilize knock out/down tech for anti-cancer therapies.

28
Q

Regulation of FGFR

A

Proteoglycan mediates complex between FGFs and FGFRs.

Cell Biology (4 decks)

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