exam 3 Flashcards
angiosperms
“angio” = vessel
angiosperms are plants with seeds in a vessel
carpels/ovary wall becomes pericarp (fruit)
angiosperm families
approximately 15 families account for 70% of the plant species in southern california (and much of the rest of the world)
- families are the ‘unit’ of pattern recognition for angiosperms
- to identify families, focus on what is different between the species
chenopodiacea
- eudicots
halophytic herbs, often fleshy, with minute green flowers and an unilocular gynoecium with a singular ovule
polygonaceae
-eudicots
- herbs with swollen nodes, ocreaea (fused stipules that cover the nodes) or involucrate heads, petaloid calyx, and a lens-shaped or triangular achene, often black (can be confused with monocots because of the 3-merous nature of petaloid sepals)
brassicaceae
monocots
- herbs with acrid taste, flowers of 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens, gynoecium of 2 united carpels with a false septum. fruit a dehiscent silique (if 3 or more times longer than wide) or silicone (if short and squatty)
onagraceae
-monocots
- 4-merous herbs with an inferior ovary and hypanthium. pollen ‘cobwebby’
fabaceae
three subfamilies
1. Pea subfamily –> Papilionoideae and Faboideae
2. Cassia subfamily –> Caesalpinioideae
3. Acacia subfamily –> Mimisoideae
herbs, shrubs, vines and trees with alternate, stipulate, compound leaves. flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, 5 merous, unicarpellate, fruit a legume or loment
fabaceae – Pea subfamily
-monocots
- Papilionoideae
- has a banner, keel, and wing, 9 stamens fused by filaments and then a single free stamen
fabaceae – Cassia subfamily
-monocot
- Caesalpinioideae
- Ca5Coz5A10(infinity)G1
fabaceae – Acacia subfamily
-monocot
- mimisoideae
- puff ball looking
rosaceae
-monocots
- three subfamilies
a. Rosoideae
b. dryadoideae
c. amygdaloideae : spiraoideae, prunoideae, maloideae
5 sepals, 5 petals, numerous stamens, serrated leaves. stems often with prickles, stipules on twig or on base of petiole. leaves alternate. perianth and stamens united at based into a cup (hypanthium), sepals and petals free,, ovary superior to inferior, filaments free
rosoideae
- Ca5Co5A10-infinityG1-infinity
dryadoideae
Ca5Co5AinfinityG1-infinity
amygdaloideae
Ca5Co5A10-infinityG1-12
- prunoideae
-spiraeoideae
-maloideae
Prunoideae
-stipules present
- carpel = 1
-ovary = superior
- fruit = drupe
Spiraeoideae
- stipules absent
- carpels = 2-5
- ovary = superior
- fruit = follicle, capsule
maloideae
- stipules present
- carpel = 2-5
- ovary = inferior
- fruit = pome
boraginaceae
-eudicots
- bristly herbs with alternate leaves and round stems with coiled cymes of 5-merous often blue (white or yellow in CA) flowers: gynoecium bicarpellate, ovary 4-lobed, style arising from among the lobes
hydrophyllaceae
- monocots
- usually bristly herbs with coiled cymose inflorescences of 5-merous, synsepalous, sympetalous flowers with a bicarpellate, unilocular gynoecium. this family is most easily confused with the Boraginaceae of which it is sometimes classified as a subfamily. it differs from the Boraginaceae in having numerous ovules on parietal placentae and unlobed ovary. often 2 style branches
polemoniaceae
- monocot
- herbs and shrubs with 5-merous, synsepalous, sympetalous flowers, the 5 stamens epipetalous and the gynoecium tricarpellate. stamen 3 branches helps field distinction from Boraginaceae and Hydrophyllaceae
lamiaceae
-monocots
- herbs and shrubs with square stems, opposite leaves, a ‘minty’ aroma and 5-merous zygomorphic flowers with 2 or 4 epipetalous stamens; if 4 usually didynamous. deeply 4-lobed ovary with gynobasic style.
scrophulariaceae
-monocots
leaves mostly opposite or alternate, often opposite becoming alternate upwards, without stipules. Flowers mostly irregular; corolla tubular, 4-5 lobed, often 2-lipped (upper lip 2 lobed, lower lip 3 lobed). stamens often 4, 2 usually longer than the other 2 inserted in corolla tube. ovary superior. fruit in a 2-locular capsule, often with numerous seeds
old generalized scrophulariaceae is no more –> most species moved to orobanchaeae, phyrmaceae, and plantaginaceae
orobanchaceae
-monocots
-scroph-like, holoparasitic (and lacking chlorophyll) or hemiparasitic (have chlorophyll) on other plants, flowers may be highly modified and contorted
phyrmaceae
scroph-like flowers with only 4 stamens
plantaginaceae
scroph-like flowers, while genetically related no recognition patterns beyond those associated with the Scrophulariaceae
apiaceae
- eudicots
aromatic herbs with hollow, furrowed stems, compound leaves with sheathing leaf bases. 5- merous (a flower that has 5 seals, 5 petals, etc) often white or yellow flowers in compound umbels; fruit a schizocarp (dry fruit that splits into single seeded parts)
asteraceae
-eudicots
herbs and shrubs with involucrate (one or more whorls of bracts situated below and close to a flower, flower cluster or fruit) heads of small 5-merous sympetalous (having the petals united along their margins to form a tubular shape) flowers. The calyx is represented by a pappus, a series of bristles, hairs or scales. Stamens, 5 united by their anthers. Gynoecium bicarpellate, inferior, producing a single achene at maturity
cyperaceae
- monocots
- grass like, tufted or with rhizomes or corms. leaves arranged in 3 ranks, crowded at the base, linear with parallel veins, consisting of blade and sheath: sheaths are closed around the stem and rarely split; culms 3-angled, rounded or flat, usually solid, with or without nodes. inflorescence at the tip of the culm or on branches clustered at the tip, often umbellate or in heads, subtended by leaf-like bracts. flowers small, in a single bract. fruit is a small nut, not splitting open
poaceae
- monocots
- herbaceous; culms usually hollow, cylindrical or compressed, with obvious nodes and internodes. leaves with blades and leaf sheaths, with ligules. Leaves 2-ranked. inflorescences at the tip of the culms. flowers greatly reduced, enclosed in two bracts, borne in spikelets
liliaceae sensu lato
- monocots
perennial herbs or bulbs, rhizomes or corms. leaves liners, sometimes sword-shaped and fibrous. Flowers with a conspicuous 6 parted perianth, usually all petaloid. 6 stamens and a usually superior ovary. fruit is a capsule or a berry
-asparagaceae and amaryllidaceae
breeding systems
- different plant families show constant trends of variation in floral structures
- general: how variation in flower structure can be related to its function
- specifically: aspects of sex expression in plants that affect the relative genetic contributions to the next generation
out breeding
- cross fertilization
- causes gene flow and recombination
in breeding
- self fertilization and vegetative reproduction limits variation and yet occurs in some very successful groups
allogamy
- type of sexual reproduction
-unisexual flowers - increases heterozygosity
- adaptations/ characteristics: dioecious/ monoecious , dichogamy , flower architecture , genetic
- selective advantage : variation is the basis of adaptation potential
dioecious plants
- separate plants carry pistillate and staminate flowers
- out crossing mandatory
- has risks of no available mate close enough
monoecious plants
- same plant has both staminate and pistillate flowers
- some risk of self fertilization
- but enhances probability of out crossing
dichogamy
- the temporal separation of male and female function
- two types : protandry and protogyny
- monoecious species may also show dichogamy, usually protogynous with strong acropetal development along spadix, catkin, etc
protandry
male matures before the female –> e.g. Asteraceae
-more common
- developmentally “easier” to remove stamens due to centripetal development
protogyny
female matures before the male –> e.g. Nymphaceae
-more effective, other pollen has a head start
protandry pollinator
bees and flies – forage upward
protogyny pollinator
beetles – forage downward
correlation between type of dichogamy and pollinator
direction of pollinator movement and the type of dichogamy ensure pollinator moves over the stigmatic surface before coming in contact with the same plants pollen
flower architecture
- the architecture of the flower may promote outcrossing, e.g. large flowers with exerted stamens
- attractants for pollinators also increase outcrossing
genetic
a. heterostyly - genes confer a mix of different style lengths within a population
b. self incompatibility - pollen growth through the style of a plant with the same genotype is prevented. mechanism is analogous to antibody/antigen reaction
autogamy/cleistogamy
- decreases heterozygosity
-sexual reproduction - flowers small, may have included anthers and style
- some flowers self before bud opens
- advantageous where pollination may not be effective
agamy
- asexual reproduction
-heterozygosity unchanged - embryo and seed are produced without true meiosis
- offspring genetically identical to parents
- approximately 40 angiosperm families show this trait – many weeds
vegetative reproduction
- asexual reproduction
-heterozygosity unchanged - bulbils, tubers, rhizomes, stolons, pups
pollination syndromes
- pollination syndromes represent convergent floral adaptations to specific functional pollinator groups
- as a means of classifying flowers under a functional-ecological perspective, pollination syndromes have often been used to predict pollinators for species for which pollinators are not known
- an important tool in conservation and may serve, for example, for large scale analyses of the effect of environmental perturbations on functional diversity
- based on pollinator, can predict –> anthesis, color, odor, flower shape, nectar
beetle pollinator
- clumsy –> flat top easier to pollinate
- not necessarily attracted to bright colors
- doesn’t need super perfume flowers to be drawn to
carrion and dung flies pollinator
-flowers of purple or browns
- often have ‘traps’ on them that encourages flies to go into flower, stuck in flower until covered in pollen , then they are released
- usually not much nectar
bees pollinator
- more active during the day
- NOT red flowers – other colors are fine –> bees cannot see red well, sees yellow as more of purple
- some flowers have markings = bee guides that show with a UV perspective like bees have
- sucrose rich nectar –> long tongue bees
- hexose rich nectar –> short tongue bees
- sweet smells
hawk moths pollinator
- doesn’t sit on flower , surrounds it like a hummingbird
- long tubes are fine and radially symmetrical
–> mouth part just needs to fit - spurs in corolla
- very sweet in odor
- nocturnally pollinated
- usually white
- sucrose rich nectar
settling moths pollinator
- seldom red
- sweet, floral scent
- tend to be radially symmetric
butterflies pollinator
- red, yellow, orange, pink and purple blossoms that are flat topped or clustered and have short flower tube
-nectar is important
-weak sense of smell
bats pollinator
- open at night
- drab lol —> bats listen rather than see the flowers
- smell like musty, dusty lol
- long peduncles in the branch – out in the open so bats don’t need to go through the leaves to get to it
rodents pollinator
- honey possums, rock mouse
- similar to bats in color
- abundance of anthers
birds pollinator
- most common
- red flowers –> bird pollinated
- not attracted to odor
- corolla fit to shape of bird beak
wind pollination requires
- conspecifics close
- low pollen filtration
- sharp seasonality , deciduousness
- rainfall or window of rainfall low
- unambiguous cues for flowering , all flower together
water pollination
pollen floats on the water’s surface drifting until it contacts flowers. pretty rare, occurs in waterweeds and pondweeds
