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field botany > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

angiosperms

A

“angio” = vessel
angiosperms are plants with seeds in a vessel
carpels/ovary wall becomes pericarp (fruit)

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2
Q

angiosperm families

A

approximately 15 families account for 70% of the plant species in southern california (and much of the rest of the world)
- families are the ‘unit’ of pattern recognition for angiosperms
- to identify families, focus on what is different between the species

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3
Q

chenopodiacea

A
  • eudicots
    halophytic herbs, often fleshy, with minute green flowers and an unilocular gynoecium with a singular ovule
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4
Q

polygonaceae

A

-eudicots
- herbs with swollen nodes, ocreaea (fused stipules that cover the nodes) or involucrate heads, petaloid calyx, and a lens-shaped or triangular achene, often black (can be confused with monocots because of the 3-merous nature of petaloid sepals)

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5
Q

brassicaceae

A

monocots
- herbs with acrid taste, flowers of 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens, gynoecium of 2 united carpels with a false septum. fruit a dehiscent silique (if 3 or more times longer than wide) or silicone (if short and squatty)

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6
Q

onagraceae

A

-monocots
- 4-merous herbs with an inferior ovary and hypanthium. pollen ‘cobwebby’

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7
Q

fabaceae

A

three subfamilies
1. Pea subfamily –> Papilionoideae and Faboideae
2. Cassia subfamily –> Caesalpinioideae
3. Acacia subfamily –> Mimisoideae

herbs, shrubs, vines and trees with alternate, stipulate, compound leaves. flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, 5 merous, unicarpellate, fruit a legume or loment

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8
Q

fabaceae – Pea subfamily

A

-monocots
- Papilionoideae
- has a banner, keel, and wing, 9 stamens fused by filaments and then a single free stamen

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9
Q

fabaceae – Cassia subfamily

A

-monocot
- Caesalpinioideae
- Ca5Coz5A10(infinity)G1

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10
Q

fabaceae – Acacia subfamily

A

-monocot
- mimisoideae
- puff ball looking

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11
Q

rosaceae

A

-monocots
- three subfamilies
a. Rosoideae
b. dryadoideae
c. amygdaloideae : spiraoideae, prunoideae, maloideae

5 sepals, 5 petals, numerous stamens, serrated leaves. stems often with prickles, stipules on twig or on base of petiole. leaves alternate. perianth and stamens united at based into a cup (hypanthium), sepals and petals free,, ovary superior to inferior, filaments free

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12
Q

rosoideae

A
  • Ca5Co5A10-infinityG1-infinity
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13
Q

dryadoideae

A

Ca5Co5AinfinityG1-infinity

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14
Q

amygdaloideae

A

Ca5Co5A10-infinityG1-12
- prunoideae
-spiraeoideae
-maloideae

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15
Q

Prunoideae

A

-stipules present
- carpel = 1
-ovary = superior
- fruit = drupe

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16
Q

Spiraeoideae

A
  • stipules absent
  • carpels = 2-5
  • ovary = superior
  • fruit = follicle, capsule
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17
Q

maloideae

A
  • stipules present
  • carpel = 2-5
  • ovary = inferior
  • fruit = pome
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18
Q

boraginaceae

A

-eudicots
- bristly herbs with alternate leaves and round stems with coiled cymes of 5-merous often blue (white or yellow in CA) flowers: gynoecium bicarpellate, ovary 4-lobed, style arising from among the lobes

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19
Q

hydrophyllaceae

A
  • monocots
  • usually bristly herbs with coiled cymose inflorescences of 5-merous, synsepalous, sympetalous flowers with a bicarpellate, unilocular gynoecium. this family is most easily confused with the Boraginaceae of which it is sometimes classified as a subfamily. it differs from the Boraginaceae in having numerous ovules on parietal placentae and unlobed ovary. often 2 style branches
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20
Q

polemoniaceae

A
  • monocot
  • herbs and shrubs with 5-merous, synsepalous, sympetalous flowers, the 5 stamens epipetalous and the gynoecium tricarpellate. stamen 3 branches helps field distinction from Boraginaceae and Hydrophyllaceae
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21
Q

lamiaceae

A

-monocots
- herbs and shrubs with square stems, opposite leaves, a ‘minty’ aroma and 5-merous zygomorphic flowers with 2 or 4 epipetalous stamens; if 4 usually didynamous. deeply 4-lobed ovary with gynobasic style.

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22
Q

scrophulariaceae

A

-monocots
leaves mostly opposite or alternate, often opposite becoming alternate upwards, without stipules. Flowers mostly irregular; corolla tubular, 4-5 lobed, often 2-lipped (upper lip 2 lobed, lower lip 3 lobed). stamens often 4, 2 usually longer than the other 2 inserted in corolla tube. ovary superior. fruit in a 2-locular capsule, often with numerous seeds

old generalized scrophulariaceae is no more –> most species moved to orobanchaeae, phyrmaceae, and plantaginaceae

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23
Q

orobanchaceae

A

-monocots
-scroph-like, holoparasitic (and lacking chlorophyll) or hemiparasitic (have chlorophyll) on other plants, flowers may be highly modified and contorted

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24
Q

phyrmaceae

A

scroph-like flowers with only 4 stamens

25
Q

plantaginaceae

A

scroph-like flowers, while genetically related no recognition patterns beyond those associated with the Scrophulariaceae

26
Q

apiaceae

A
  • eudicots
    aromatic herbs with hollow, furrowed stems, compound leaves with sheathing leaf bases. 5- merous (a flower that has 5 seals, 5 petals, etc) often white or yellow flowers in compound umbels; fruit a schizocarp (dry fruit that splits into single seeded parts)
27
Q

asteraceae

A

-eudicots
herbs and shrubs with involucrate (one or more whorls of bracts situated below and close to a flower, flower cluster or fruit) heads of small 5-merous sympetalous (having the petals united along their margins to form a tubular shape) flowers. The calyx is represented by a pappus, a series of bristles, hairs or scales. Stamens, 5 united by their anthers. Gynoecium bicarpellate, inferior, producing a single achene at maturity

28
Q

cyperaceae

A
  • monocots
  • grass like, tufted or with rhizomes or corms. leaves arranged in 3 ranks, crowded at the base, linear with parallel veins, consisting of blade and sheath: sheaths are closed around the stem and rarely split; culms 3-angled, rounded or flat, usually solid, with or without nodes. inflorescence at the tip of the culm or on branches clustered at the tip, often umbellate or in heads, subtended by leaf-like bracts. flowers small, in a single bract. fruit is a small nut, not splitting open
29
Q

poaceae

A
  • monocots
  • herbaceous; culms usually hollow, cylindrical or compressed, with obvious nodes and internodes. leaves with blades and leaf sheaths, with ligules. Leaves 2-ranked. inflorescences at the tip of the culms. flowers greatly reduced, enclosed in two bracts, borne in spikelets
30
Q

liliaceae sensu lato

A
  • monocots
    perennial herbs or bulbs, rhizomes or corms. leaves liners, sometimes sword-shaped and fibrous. Flowers with a conspicuous 6 parted perianth, usually all petaloid. 6 stamens and a usually superior ovary. fruit is a capsule or a berry

-asparagaceae and amaryllidaceae

31
Q

breeding systems

A
  • different plant families show constant trends of variation in floral structures
  • general: how variation in flower structure can be related to its function
  • specifically: aspects of sex expression in plants that affect the relative genetic contributions to the next generation
32
Q

out breeding

A
  • cross fertilization
  • causes gene flow and recombination
33
Q

in breeding

A
  • self fertilization and vegetative reproduction limits variation and yet occurs in some very successful groups
34
Q

allogamy

A
  • type of sexual reproduction
    -unisexual flowers
  • increases heterozygosity
  • adaptations/ characteristics: dioecious/ monoecious , dichogamy , flower architecture , genetic
  • selective advantage : variation is the basis of adaptation potential
35
Q

dioecious plants

A
  • separate plants carry pistillate and staminate flowers
  • out crossing mandatory
  • has risks of no available mate close enough
36
Q

monoecious plants

A
  • same plant has both staminate and pistillate flowers
  • some risk of self fertilization
  • but enhances probability of out crossing
37
Q

dichogamy

A
  • the temporal separation of male and female function
  • two types : protandry and protogyny
  • monoecious species may also show dichogamy, usually protogynous with strong acropetal development along spadix, catkin, etc
38
Q

protandry

A

male matures before the female –> e.g. Asteraceae

-more common
- developmentally “easier” to remove stamens due to centripetal development

39
Q

protogyny

A

female matures before the male –> e.g. Nymphaceae

-more effective, other pollen has a head start

40
Q

protandry pollinator

A

bees and flies – forage upward

41
Q

protogyny pollinator

A

beetles – forage downward

42
Q

correlation between type of dichogamy and pollinator

A

direction of pollinator movement and the type of dichogamy ensure pollinator moves over the stigmatic surface before coming in contact with the same plants pollen

43
Q

flower architecture

A
  • the architecture of the flower may promote outcrossing, e.g. large flowers with exerted stamens
  • attractants for pollinators also increase outcrossing
44
Q

genetic

A

a. heterostyly - genes confer a mix of different style lengths within a population
b. self incompatibility - pollen growth through the style of a plant with the same genotype is prevented. mechanism is analogous to antibody/antigen reaction

45
Q

autogamy/cleistogamy

A
  • decreases heterozygosity
    -sexual reproduction
  • flowers small, may have included anthers and style
  • some flowers self before bud opens
  • advantageous where pollination may not be effective
46
Q

agamy

A
  • asexual reproduction
    -heterozygosity unchanged
  • embryo and seed are produced without true meiosis
  • offspring genetically identical to parents
  • approximately 40 angiosperm families show this trait – many weeds
47
Q

vegetative reproduction

A
  • asexual reproduction
    -heterozygosity unchanged
  • bulbils, tubers, rhizomes, stolons, pups
48
Q

pollination syndromes

A
  • pollination syndromes represent convergent floral adaptations to specific functional pollinator groups
  • as a means of classifying flowers under a functional-ecological perspective, pollination syndromes have often been used to predict pollinators for species for which pollinators are not known
  • an important tool in conservation and may serve, for example, for large scale analyses of the effect of environmental perturbations on functional diversity
  • based on pollinator, can predict –> anthesis, color, odor, flower shape, nectar
49
Q

beetle pollinator

A
  • clumsy –> flat top easier to pollinate
  • not necessarily attracted to bright colors
  • doesn’t need super perfume flowers to be drawn to
50
Q

carrion and dung flies pollinator

A

-flowers of purple or browns
- often have ‘traps’ on them that encourages flies to go into flower, stuck in flower until covered in pollen , then they are released
- usually not much nectar

51
Q

bees pollinator

A
  • more active during the day
  • NOT red flowers – other colors are fine –> bees cannot see red well, sees yellow as more of purple
  • some flowers have markings = bee guides that show with a UV perspective like bees have
  • sucrose rich nectar –> long tongue bees
  • hexose rich nectar –> short tongue bees
  • sweet smells
52
Q

hawk moths pollinator

A
  • doesn’t sit on flower , surrounds it like a hummingbird
  • long tubes are fine and radially symmetrical
    –> mouth part just needs to fit
  • spurs in corolla
  • very sweet in odor
  • nocturnally pollinated
  • usually white
  • sucrose rich nectar
53
Q

settling moths pollinator

A
  • seldom red
  • sweet, floral scent
  • tend to be radially symmetric
54
Q

butterflies pollinator

A
  • red, yellow, orange, pink and purple blossoms that are flat topped or clustered and have short flower tube
    -nectar is important
    -weak sense of smell
55
Q

bats pollinator

A
  • open at night
  • drab lol —> bats listen rather than see the flowers
  • smell like musty, dusty lol
  • long peduncles in the branch – out in the open so bats don’t need to go through the leaves to get to it
56
Q

rodents pollinator

A
  • honey possums, rock mouse
  • similar to bats in color
  • abundance of anthers
57
Q

birds pollinator

A
  • most common
  • red flowers –> bird pollinated
  • not attracted to odor
  • corolla fit to shape of bird beak
58
Q

wind pollination requires

A
  • conspecifics close
  • low pollen filtration
  • sharp seasonality , deciduousness
  • rainfall or window of rainfall low
  • unambiguous cues for flowering , all flower together
59
Q

water pollination

A

pollen floats on the water’s surface drifting until it contacts flowers. pretty rare, occurs in waterweeds and pondweeds

field botany (3 decks)

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