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Equine A & P > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

Nervous System and Muscular System

1
Q

4 parts of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic nervous system, and enteric nervous system

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2
Q

CNS

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

Sensory/ Motor nerves, cranial nerves, spinal nerves,

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

portion of the nervous system that regulates the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and the glands

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5
Q

Enteric

A

has input from CNS, also autonomous

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6
Q

Meninges

A

layers of non-nervous tissue that surround / protect brain & spinal cord

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7
Q

Dura mater

A

membrane that encloses brain & spinal cord

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8
Q

Arachnoid

A

cushions, helps with blood brain barrier

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9
Q

pia mater

A

covers brain, encases blood vessels that supply the brain

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10
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

lies in space between arachnoid & pia mater. cushions to help diminish transmission of shocking forces

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10
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain; controls memory, conscious thought, speech, motor and sensory functions

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

controls automatic regulation of movement, balance, posture, skilled movements

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10
Q

medulla oblongata

A

brain stem; controls heart rate, respiration and temperature

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11
Q

spinal cord

A

continuation of brain, provides pathways between brain & body

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12
Q

Efferent nerves

A

motor nerves; innervate muscles and glands, send impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

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13
Q

Afferent nerves

A

sensory nerves; send sensory information and nerve impulses from receptors to brain

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14
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs (24 nerves) either sensory or motor; 10 originate in brain stem

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15
Q

Cranial nerve 1

A

smell

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16
Q

cranial nerve 2

A

vision

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17
Q

cranial nerves 3, 4, 6

A

motor nerves, control eyes

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18
Q

cranial nerve 5

A

sensation of head face, movements of jaw

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19
Q

cranial nerve 7

A

facial; taste, movement of face, secretions of tears and saliva

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20
Q

cranial nerve 8

A

acoustic

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21
Q

cranial nerve 9

A

taste, secretion of saliva, movement of pharynx

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22
Q

cranial nerve 10

A

vagus: taste, primes digestive system for incoming food

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23
Q

cranial nerve 11

A

spinal accessory: movements of pharynx, larynx and head/shoulders

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24
Q

cranial nerve 12

A

movement of tongue

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25
Q

different types of spinal nerves

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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26
Q

2 parts of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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27
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

stimulates; preps body for emergency; shifts energy and blood toward skeletal muscles

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28
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

inhibits / slows; energy conservation, restores energy; digestion responses, eliminates waste, decreases heart rate

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29
Q

reflexes

A

fixed patterns of responses similar for any given stimulus

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30
Q

stretch reflex

A

results in contraction of a muscle when it is stretched suddenly

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31
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

sudden contraction and removal of a body segment due to painful stimulus

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32
Q

synapes

A

where neurons communicate, at the end of a neuron

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33
Q

slow axonal transport

A

moves material by axoplasmic flow at .2-2.5 mm/day

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34
Q

fast axonal transport

A

moves organelles at rates of up to 400 mm/day

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35
Q

anterograde transport

A

forward; from cell body to axon terminal;

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36
Q

retrograde transport

A

backward; axon terminal to cell body

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37
Q

Steps of fast axonal transport

A
  1. peptides are synthesized on rough ER and packaged by Golgi apparatus
  2. fast axonal transport walks vesicles and mitochondria along microtubule network
  3. vesicle contents are released by exocytosis
  4. synaptic vesicle recycling
  5. retrograde fast axonal transport
  6. old membrane components digested in lysosomes
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38
Q

how are neurons classified

A

shape/structure

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39
Q

divergence

A

one cell influences multiple cells

40
Q

convergence

A

multiple cells influence one cell

41
Q

serial processing

A

one cell to the next and so on; a straight line

42
Q

parallel processing

A

one cell to multiple cells that each go to a new cell and so on

43
Q

reverberation

A

a feedback loop of cells

44
Q

what prevents backflow of an action potential

A

closure of Na+ channels during the refractory period

45
Q

what type of axons conduct signals the fastest?

A

myelinated axons

46
Q

when does repolarization occur in an axon

A

when potassium leaves

47
Q

why do myelinated axons send signals faster

A

the signal can “jump” the insulated pieces to each node of ranvier

48
Q

What creates the myelin sheaths in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

49
Q

what do satellite cells do in the PNS

A

support cell bodies

50
Q

what other function do Schwann cells have?

A

they secrete neurotrophic factors

51
Q

what creates the myelin sheaths in the CNS

A

oligodndrocytes

52
Q

what do ependymal cells do in the CNS

A

create barriers between compartments; also a source of neural stem cells

53
Q

what do astrocytes do in the CNS

A

take up potassium, water, neurotransmitters; help form and maintain BBB

54
Q

what do microglia do in the CNS

A

act as scavengers that secrete neurotrophic factors, help form the blood brain barrier and provides substrates for ATP production

55
Q

what does the blood brain barrier do

A

separates circulating blood from the brain’s extracellular fluid

56
Q

Glial Cells

A

provide support and protection to neurons

57
Q

how does myelin formation occur in the PNS

A

Schwann cells rap themselves around the axon, then push the nucleus to the outside of the sheath

58
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

section of unmyelinated axon membrane between 2 Schwann cells

59
Q

Peripheral Neuron Injury

A

when an axon is cut, the part toward the cell body continues to live; the section towards the axon disintegrates. in some cases, Schwann cells are capable of reforming a synapse with the proper target

60
Q

What are the basic characteristics of muscle tissues

A
  1. excitability
  2. contractility
  3. elasticity
  4. extensibility
61
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissues

A
  1. skeletal (voluntary control)
  2. cardiac (involuntary control)
  3. smooth (involuntary control)
62
Q

General functions of voluntary muscle

A
  1. movement - they can only contract in one direction, multiple muscles are involved in this
  2. stabilize movements and joints
  3. protection of underlying structures (stronger muscle = more protection)
63
Q

General Functions of involuntary muscle

A
  1. shivering
  2. maintenance of posture
64
Q

shivering thermogenesis

A

initiated by hypothalamic nuclei in the primary motor center. inhibited when body temperature is back to normal

65
Q

static reflexes

A

long term contractile events

66
Q

phasic reflexess

A

dynamic and short term corrective responses

67
Q

stretch reflexes that are involved in maintaining posture are regulated by…

A

gamma neurons; these adjust tension in the muscle spindles

68
Q

skeletal muscle is composed of

A

connective tissue, muscle fascicle (which have muscle fibers) blood vessels and nerves

69
Q

what is in muscle fibers (cells)

A

sarcolemma, T-tubules, sarcoplasm, multiple nuclei

70
Q

what are myofibrils composed of

A

troponin, actin, tropomyosin, myosin, titin, nebulin

71
Q

thin filament are made of

A

troponin, g-actin molecules (in a helical arrangement), tropomyosin, nebulin

72
Q

thick filaments are made of

A

myosin

73
Q

the smallest functional unit of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomere

74
Q

sarcomeres are composed of various microfilaments and supporting structures such as

A

titin, Z disk, M line, Myosin crossbridges, Z disk

75
Q

Titin

A

largest elastomeric protein; connects myosin to z disk; crucial in sarcomere development

76
Q

Myosin molecules have a tail, hinge and heads that contain

A

active sits for actin and ATP

77
Q

M-line consists of

A

myomesin and skelemin proteins

78
Q

what doe the M line do

A

stabilizes myosin filaments; aid in transmission of force from sarcomere to cytoskeletl intermediate filaments

79
Q

what does the Z disk do

A

anchors filaments; interacts with cytoskeletal framework

80
Q

why are thin filaments anchored

A

so that the muscle can contract / shorten by the filaments going past each other

81
Q

what are the three broad steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction
  2. excitation - contraction coupling
  3. contraction - relaxation cycle
82
Q

what are myofibrils

A

structures in muscle fibers that enable them to contract due to their contractile proteins

83
Q

ATP use is required for

A

maintenance of resting membrane potential, exocytosis of Ach, moving myosin heads back to energized state, return of Ca2+ into sarcoplasmic reticulum

84
Q

sources of ATP for muscle action

A

free ATP, phosphagen system, glycolysis, aerobic respiration

85
Q

3 sources of ATP for aerobic muscle

A

carbohydrates, fats, amino acids / proteins

86
Q

what causes muscles to fatigue?

A

decrease in neurotransmitter release, receptor activation, Ca2+ release, depletion theories, etc.

87
Q

oxidative muscle

A

uses aerobic processes, long term

88
Q

glycolytic muscle

A

fast contraction action, anaerobic, not long term

89
Q

slow twitch oxidative muscle fibers

A

small diameter, dark due to myoglobin; fatigue resistant

90
Q

fast twitch glycolytic muscle fibers

A

large diameter, pale, fatigues easily

91
Q

Muscle twitch

A

response of skeletal muscle to an action potential

92
Q

isomeric contraction

A

resistance is greater than force of contraction

93
Q

4 types of muscle fiber

A

Type I (slow oxidative), Type II a (fast oxidative), Type II x & b (fast glycolytic)

94
Q

ways to increase contraction

A

increase frequency of action potentials, alter length of muscle prior to contraction, increase number of functional motor units, muscle hypertrophy, muscle hyperplasia

95
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A

increase in size of muscle cells

96
Q

muscle hyperplasia

A

formation of new muscle cells

97
Q

similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

striated, sarcomere structured

98
Q

differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle

A

shorter fibers, can be branched, single nucleus, larger t-tubules & they are over the z disks

99
Q

similarities between cardiac and smooth muscle

A

electrically linked - can have pacemaker potentials, under sympathetic and parasympathetic control as well as hormone control

100
Q

adaptations for increased contractions

A

increase in vascularity, mitochondria, levels of myoglobin and adaptations in order to prevent summation

101
Q
A

Equine A & P (1 decks)

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