Exam 3 Flashcards
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy:
-Part of stomach removed
-Smaller stomach = less room for food (restriction)
Adjustable gastric band procedure
-Adjustable band fits around upper part of stomach (restriction)
-Intracellular:
~60% of body water
Roux-en Y Gastric Bypass
-Small pouch created from stomach
-Restrictive and encourages malabsorption
Gastric Balloon
-Physician inserts one or two balloons and inflates them to take up space in the stomach
-Extracellular or Intra-vascular fluid (blood stream)
~40% of body water
Water Intake:
Recommended water intake for adults: 1-1.5mL/kcal of energy expenditure
Antidiuretic Hormone:
Released by pituitary gland gland to signal kidneys to retain water
Aldosterone
-Produced by adrenal glands above kidneys
-Induces kidneys to retain sodium and water
Water intoxication:
Dilution of blood electrolytes, particularly sodium, also known and hyponatremia
Urine is primary path for:
Water loss and excretion of metabolic waste
-regulation of extracellular fluid composition
Nephron
Microscopic structures that filter blood, 1 million in each kidney
Anions:
Minerals with negative charge
Cations:
Minerals with positive charge
Sodium is the:
primary cation in extracellular fluid
Potassium is the
primary intracellular cation
Chloride is
an anion more concentrated in extracellular fluid
Main dietary sources of sodium is found in..
Processed foods
Reduced sodium on a food label means
At least 25% less sodium than original product
Chloride is the..
Primary anion
Sodium free:
Must contain <5 mg sodium/serving (there can still be sodium in the product but a limited amount)
Very low sodium:
Must constrain > or = 35 mg of sodium per serving
Low sodium:
Must contain < or = 140 mg of sodium/serving
The AI for potassium is
4700 mg per day
Fat soluble vs. Water soluble vitamins
Fat soluble
-Storage in body
-Longer period of time
Water soluble
-Storage in body
-short period of time
Ways your body intakes water
Beverages
Food
Metabolic Water
Three active forms of vitamin A:
-Retinol: Most active form of vitamin A; store in liver
-Retinal
-Retinoic Acid
Functions of vitamin A
Integrity of epithelial cells, bone growth, cell membrane stability, vision, immune function
Overconsumption of vitamin A
severe headache, blurred vision, nausea, dizziness, muscle aches, and problems with coordination.
Liver damage and birth defects
Underconsumption of vitamin A
struggling to adjust to low light (‘night blindness’) and xerophthalmia (very dry eyes due to poorly functioning tear ducts)
Scientific Name of vitamin D
cholecalciferol
Functions of vitamin D
Regulation of calcium metabolism
-Stimulates cells of small intestine to produce calbindin:
- A calcium binding protein
- Calcium absorption
Vitamin D deficiency
-Children
Rickets: A disease characterized by softening and deformity of long bones
-Inability to deposit calcium in newly formed bones
In adults this is called osteomalacia
Vitamin D overconsumption:
-Not common
-occurs from overuse of supplements
-Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
-Can also lead to the calcification of soft tissue
-Food fortification of vitamin d is strictly regulated
Scientific name of vitamin E
tocopherol
Functions of vitamin E
Acts as an antioxidant
-Neutralize free radicals that can damage cell membranes, DNA, proteins
- Enhance immune function
Reduced sodium on a food label means
At least 25% less sodium than original product
The primary anion is
Chloride
Too much sodium in the body or blood is known as
Hypernatremia
Vitamin K scientific name
Phylloquinone, Menadione; Menaphthone Menaquinone
TO maintain proper hydration levels, the anterior pituitary gland secretes a hormone that
Causes water to be retained in the kidneys
Vit E Deficiency
Vitamin E Deficiency is uncommon
Most likely to occur in: Premature infants
- Anemia, due to red blood cell fragility and subsequent rupture
Primary Function of vitamin K
Blood clotting
-Activates protein required to make fibrin, forms blood clots
Also required for synthesis of bone protein: Osteocalcin
Vitamin K deficiency
Primary deficiency is rare in adults
Populations with highest risk of disease: New borns
Due to:Relatively sterile GI tract at birth, breast milk is a poor source of vit K, single dose of vit K given at birth
Water Soluble Vitamins
Includes: Vitamin C, and B
Vitamin C is also known as
ascorbic acid
Lack of vit c can result in:
Scurvy
Roles of vitamin C:
Acts as an antioxidant: Immune system health
Synthesis of collagen:
Protein that forms connective tissue of tendons, bones, teeth and skin
Functions of collagen:
Wound healing, maintenance of blood vessel structure
-Facilitates iron absorption in GI
Vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy: severe deficiency, improper formation of collagen
Anemia: due to poor iron absorption
Vitamin C toxicity
2000mg a day, supplementing more than 1000mg a day results in diarrhea and bloating
B Vitamins
thiamin-B1
Riboflavin- b2
Niacin-B3
Vitamin B6-Pyridoxine
Folate-B9
Cobalamin-B12
Pantothenic Acid-B5
Biotin-B7
Common function of all B vitamins
Coenzymes or cofactors of energy metabolism: assists with energy release, without coenzyme, enzyme cannot function
Thiamine- B1
First B vitamin identified
Assists in function of nerve and muscle cell activity
Thiamin Deficiency
Occurs in malnourished individuals and alcoholics
Can result in beriberi
Beriberi
a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged, fluid accumulates beneath the skin and muscles weaken
If condition primarily affects CVD: Wet beriberi
If condition primarily affects nervous system: Dry beriberi
Severe thiamine deficiency in alcoholics
Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome
Riboflavin (B2)
Part of coenzymes:
-Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
-Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
Riboflavin Deficiency
(B2)
Frequently occurs in conjunction with other water soluble vitamins deficiencies
Results in: Inflammation of membranes, sore throat, cracks in corner of mouth, swollen, glossy tongue, skin rashes
Niacin B3
Found in two chemical forms: Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide
How much water per day is made metabolically?
1 to 1.5 cups a day
Ways your body loses water`
Urine
Feces
Insensible Losses
About how much water is lost due to insensible losses
400 to 800 mL a day
Does the body have a water storage mechanism?
NO
How long does the perception of thirst lag behind when the body needs it?
20 minutes
What two hormones help maintain hydration?
Antidiuretic
Aldosterone
What is the UL for Sodium?
2300 mg for adults
How much of your contractile ability is lost when you are dehydrated?
15%-20% loss
What is the composition of urine?
Water
Electrolytes
Urea
Creatinine
T or F Chloride content of most foods is high
false
What percentage of Sodium Chloride is Chloride
60%
What is the AI of Potassium?
3700MG/day
What is diffusion?
Movement of solutes and electrolytes from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
What is osmosis?
Movement of water across a membrane from an area with fewer particles to an area with more particles
What is the range for the pH of your blood?
7.35-7.45
What is the systolic and diastolic BP for normal BP
-Systolic <120
-Diastolic <80
What is the systolic and diastolic BP for Stage 1 Hypertension BP
-Systolic 130-139
OR
-Diastolic 80-89
What is the systolic and diastolic BP for Prehypertension BP
-Systolic 120-139
-Diastolic <80
What is the systolic and diastolic BP for Stage 2 Hypertension BP
-Systolic ≥ 140
OR
-Diastolic ≥ 90
What percentage of hypertension cases are due to unknown causes?
85%
What does the DASH eating plan stand for?
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension
T or F Vitamins are energy yielding
FALSE
T or F Vitamins are organic
true
What are some characteristics of Fat Soluble Vitamins
- In the body for longer periods of time
Stored in large amounts in the liver and fat cells - Increased likelihood of adverse effects or toxicity
What are some characteristics of Water Soluble Vitamins
- In the body for shorter periods of time
Not generally stored in large quantities - Decreased likelihood of toxicity
- Greater risk of deficiency
True or False Smokers should take vitamin supplements
FALSE
Vitamin D insufficiency is linked with what chronic diseases?
Heart disease
Respiratory infections
Diabetes
Hypertension
True or False Fat Soluble vitamins are more toxic than water soluble vitamins
TRUE
When bonded to bones, what helps to serve as the cement in our bones?
Osteocalcin
What important amino acid does collagen lack?
Tryptophan
Disease Associated with Niacin(B3) deficiency
Pellagra
Symptoms of pellagra
-Symptoms referred as the four Ds
-Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
Functions of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
Important for transamination, synthesis of nonessential amino acids
B6 deficiency can also lead to
Anemia
Deficiency symptoms of B6
-Anemia
-Depression
-Convulsions
-dermatitis
-Weaker immune system
Folate B9 is
Consumed in two forms
1.Folate
-Naturally occurring form
2. Folic Acid
-Synthetic form, easier to absorb in GI
Toxicity Symptoms of B6
Numb feet, nerve damage, loss of sensation in hands
One important function of folate (B9)
Cell division: DNA replication requires folate during cell division
Folate deficiency (B9)
-Inability to synthesize DNA during folate deficiency
-Results in large, immature red blood cells that are fewer in number: Macrocytic anemia
Functions of b12 (cobalamin)
Essential in converting folate into active form
-Maintains the insulating lining that covers nerve fibers known as: Myelin sheath
B12 Deficiency
-Macrocytic Anemia
If due to lack of intrinsic factor: Pernicious anemia
Microminerals
-Recommended intake <100 mg per day
-iron, copper, manganese, iodine
Macrominerals
Present in greater amounts in the body
-Recommended intake >= 100MG per day
-Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium
Calcium
-Most abundant mineral in the body
-99% of calcium is in skeleton or bones and teeth
-1% found in blood, extracellular fluids, muscle, and other tissues
Function of calcium
building and maintenance of bone
-Muscle contraction
Calcium plays the role in: Hormone regulation
Phosphorus
-2nd most abundant mineral in body
85% is in our bones, remainder found in soft tissues like muscles
-Phosphorus usually found as a compound with four oxygen atoms
Function of phosphorus
_Part of bones and teeth
-Facilitates enzyme function: can also turn off function of enzymes
-Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) component: Usable for of energy
Magnesium
-The macro mineral found in the smallest amount in body
-50% located in bone
Remainder found in:
-Soft tissue: Skeletal muscle, heart and liver
1% found in blood and other bodily fluids
Average adult human body contains
~35g of magnesium
Functions of magnesium
-Component of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone
-Maintenance of DNA and RNA integrity
-ATP stabilization
-Facilitates muscle contraction
Sulfur
7th most abundant mineral in body
Roles of sulfur
Primary storage site for sulfur in the body:
In amino acids methionine and cysteine
-Sulfur in cysteine can bond to another cysteine to form a bridge
Sulfur is also a key element in glutathione
Iron
Storage in body: Relatively small amounts
-2-4 G
Iron deficiency is
Most common deficiency in the world
Primary role of iron:
Assist in delivery of O2 to tissues and cells
Anemia:
Clinical condition in which hemoglobin is too low
Iron deficiency anemia is one form
Zinc
-Zinc deficiency is a world wide problem
-Zinc is important for the function of nearly 200 different enzymes
Zinc deficiency
-Dwarfism in young teens, particularly males
-Poor sexual development
-Deformed bones
-Abnormal hair and nails; hair loss
Roles of copper
-Exerts physiological effects as a cofactor of enzymes
Needed for absorption, storage, and metabolism of iron
Functions of copper:
Iron use and incorporation into hemoglobin and RBCs
-Defense against free radicals
-Immune defense
-Strengthening collagen
Iodine Primary functions
-Facilitates production of a hormone in thyroid gland
Iodine deficiency:
Results in thyroid gland cells enlarging in attempt to absorb iodine
May cause:
Offspring to be born with cretinism
Fluoride
-Associated with healthy teeth
- Bone and teeth are composed of hydroxyapatite
Chromium:
Facilitates glucose uptake by improve function of hormone insulin
