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Nutrition 202 Exam 3 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Vertical sleeve gastrectomy:

A

-Part of stomach removed
-Smaller stomach = less room for food (restriction)

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2
Q

Adjustable gastric band procedure

A

-Adjustable band fits around upper part of stomach (restriction)

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3
Q

-Intracellular:

A

~60% of body water

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4
Q

Roux-en Y Gastric Bypass

A

-Small pouch created from stomach
-Restrictive and encourages malabsorption

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5
Q

Gastric Balloon

A

-Physician inserts one or two balloons and inflates them to take up space in the stomach

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6
Q

-Extracellular or Intra-vascular fluid (blood stream)

A

~40% of body water

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7
Q

Water Intake:

A

Recommended water intake for adults: 1-1.5mL/kcal of energy expenditure

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7
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone:

A

Released by pituitary gland gland to signal kidneys to retain water

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8
Q

Aldosterone

A

-Produced by adrenal glands above kidneys
-Induces kidneys to retain sodium and water

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9
Q

Water intoxication:

A

Dilution of blood electrolytes, particularly sodium, also known and hyponatremia

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10
Q

Urine is primary path for:

A

Water loss and excretion of metabolic waste
-regulation of extracellular fluid composition

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11
Q

Nephron

A

Microscopic structures that filter blood, 1 million in each kidney

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12
Q

Anions:

A

Minerals with negative charge

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13
Q

Cations:

A

Minerals with positive charge

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14
Q

Sodium is the:

A

primary cation in extracellular fluid

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15
Q

Potassium is the

A

primary intracellular cation

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16
Q

Chloride is

A

an anion more concentrated in extracellular fluid

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17
Q

Main dietary sources of sodium is found in..

A

Processed foods

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18
Q

Reduced sodium on a food label means

A

At least 25% less sodium than original product

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19
Q

Chloride is the..

A

Primary anion

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20
Q

Sodium free:

A

Must contain <5 mg sodium/serving (there can still be sodium in the product but a limited amount)

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21
Q

Very low sodium:

A

Must constrain > or = 35 mg of sodium per serving

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22
Q

Low sodium:

A

Must contain < or = 140 mg of sodium/serving

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23
Q

The AI for potassium is

A

4700 mg per day

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24
Q

Fat soluble vs. Water soluble vitamins

A

Fat soluble
-Storage in body
-Longer period of time

Water soluble
-Storage in body
-short period of time

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25
Q

Ways your body intakes water

A

Beverages
Food
Metabolic Water

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25
Q

Three active forms of vitamin A:

A

-Retinol: Most active form of vitamin A; store in liver
-Retinal
-Retinoic Acid

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26
Q

Functions of vitamin A

A

Integrity of epithelial cells, bone growth, cell membrane stability, vision, immune function

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27
Q

Overconsumption of vitamin A

A

severe headache, blurred vision, nausea, dizziness, muscle aches, and problems with coordination.
Liver damage and birth defects

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28
Q

Underconsumption of vitamin A

A

struggling to adjust to low light (‘night blindness’) and xerophthalmia (very dry eyes due to poorly functioning tear ducts)

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29
Q

Scientific Name of vitamin D

A

cholecalciferol

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30
Q

Functions of vitamin D

A

Regulation of calcium metabolism
-Stimulates cells of small intestine to produce calbindin:
- A calcium binding protein
- Calcium absorption

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31
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A

-Children
Rickets: A disease characterized by softening and deformity of long bones
-Inability to deposit calcium in newly formed bones
In adults this is called osteomalacia

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32
Q

Vitamin D overconsumption:

A

-Not common
-occurs from overuse of supplements
-Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
-Can also lead to the calcification of soft tissue
-Food fortification of vitamin d is strictly regulated

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33
Q

Scientific name of vitamin E

A

tocopherol

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34
Q

Functions of vitamin E

A

Acts as an antioxidant
-Neutralize free radicals that can damage cell membranes, DNA, proteins

  1. Enhance immune function
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35
Q

Reduced sodium on a food label means

A

At least 25% less sodium than original product

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36
Q

The primary anion is

A

Chloride

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37
Q

Too much sodium in the body or blood is known as

A

Hypernatremia

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37
Q

Vitamin K scientific name

A

Phylloquinone, Menadione; Menaphthone Menaquinone

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38
Q

TO maintain proper hydration levels, the anterior pituitary gland secretes a hormone that

A

Causes water to be retained in the kidneys

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38
Q

Vit E Deficiency

A

Vitamin E Deficiency is uncommon
Most likely to occur in: Premature infants
- Anemia, due to red blood cell fragility and subsequent rupture

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39
Q

Primary Function of vitamin K

A

Blood clotting
-Activates protein required to make fibrin, forms blood clots
Also required for synthesis of bone protein: Osteocalcin

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40
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

Primary deficiency is rare in adults
Populations with highest risk of disease: New borns
Due to:Relatively sterile GI tract at birth, breast milk is a poor source of vit K, single dose of vit K given at birth

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41
Q

Water Soluble Vitamins

A

Includes: Vitamin C, and B

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42
Q

Vitamin C is also known as

A

ascorbic acid

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43
Q

Lack of vit c can result in:

A

Scurvy

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44
Q

Roles of vitamin C:

A

Acts as an antioxidant: Immune system health

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45
Q

Synthesis of collagen:

A

Protein that forms connective tissue of tendons, bones, teeth and skin

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46
Q

Functions of collagen:

A

Wound healing, maintenance of blood vessel structure
-Facilitates iron absorption in GI

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47
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A

Scurvy: severe deficiency, improper formation of collagen
Anemia: due to poor iron absorption

48
Q

Vitamin C toxicity

A

2000mg a day, supplementing more than 1000mg a day results in diarrhea and bloating

49
Q

B Vitamins

A

thiamin-B1
Riboflavin- b2
Niacin-B3
Vitamin B6-Pyridoxine
Folate-B9
Cobalamin-B12
Pantothenic Acid-B5
Biotin-B7

50
Q

Common function of all B vitamins

A

Coenzymes or cofactors of energy metabolism: assists with energy release, without coenzyme, enzyme cannot function

51
Q

Thiamine- B1

A

First B vitamin identified
Assists in function of nerve and muscle cell activity

52
Q

Thiamin Deficiency

A

Occurs in malnourished individuals and alcoholics
Can result in beriberi

53
Q

Beriberi

A

a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged, fluid accumulates beneath the skin and muscles weaken
If condition primarily affects CVD: Wet beriberi
If condition primarily affects nervous system: Dry beriberi

54
Q

Severe thiamine deficiency in alcoholics

A

Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome

55
Q

Riboflavin (B2)

A

Part of coenzymes:
-Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
-Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

56
Q

Riboflavin Deficiency
(B2)

A

Frequently occurs in conjunction with other water soluble vitamins deficiencies
Results in: Inflammation of membranes, sore throat, cracks in corner of mouth, swollen, glossy tongue, skin rashes

57
Q

Niacin B3

A

Found in two chemical forms: Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide

58
Q

How much water per day is made metabolically?

A

1 to 1.5 cups a day

59
Q

Ways your body loses water`

A

Urine
Feces
Insensible Losses

60
Q

About how much water is lost due to insensible losses

A

400 to 800 mL a day

61
Q

Does the body have a water storage mechanism?

A

NO

62
Q

How long does the perception of thirst lag behind when the body needs it?

A

20 minutes

63
Q

What two hormones help maintain hydration?

A

Antidiuretic
Aldosterone

64
Q

What is the UL for Sodium?

A

2300 mg for adults

64
Q

How much of your contractile ability is lost when you are dehydrated?

A

15%-20% loss

64
Q

What is the composition of urine?

A

Water
Electrolytes
Urea
Creatinine

65
Q

T or F Chloride content of most foods is high

A

false

66
Q

What percentage of Sodium Chloride is Chloride

A

60%

67
Q

What is the AI of Potassium?

A

3700MG/day

68
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of solutes and electrolytes from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

69
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water across a membrane from an area with fewer particles to an area with more particles

70
Q

What is the range for the pH of your blood?

A

7.35-7.45

71
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic BP for normal BP

A

-Systolic <120
-Diastolic <80

72
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic BP for Stage 1 Hypertension BP

A

-Systolic 130-139
OR
-Diastolic 80-89

72
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic BP for Prehypertension BP

A

-Systolic 120-139
-Diastolic <80

73
Q

What is the systolic and diastolic BP for Stage 2 Hypertension BP

A

-Systolic ≥ 140
OR
-Diastolic ≥ 90

74
Q

What percentage of hypertension cases are due to unknown causes?

A

85%

75
Q

What does the DASH eating plan stand for?

A

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension

76
Q

T or F Vitamins are energy yielding

A

FALSE

77
Q

T or F Vitamins are organic

A

true

78
Q

What are some characteristics of Fat Soluble Vitamins

A
  • In the body for longer periods of time
    Stored in large amounts in the liver and fat cells
  • Increased likelihood of adverse effects or toxicity
79
Q

What are some characteristics of Water Soluble Vitamins

A
  • In the body for shorter periods of time
    Not generally stored in large quantities
  • Decreased likelihood of toxicity
  • Greater risk of deficiency
80
Q

True or False Smokers should take vitamin supplements

A

FALSE

81
Q

Vitamin D insufficiency is linked with what chronic diseases?

A

Heart disease
Respiratory infections
Diabetes
Hypertension

82
Q

True or False Fat Soluble vitamins are more toxic than water soluble vitamins

A

TRUE

83
Q

When bonded to bones, what helps to serve as the cement in our bones?

A

Osteocalcin

84
Q

What important amino acid does collagen lack?

A

Tryptophan

85
Q

Disease Associated with Niacin(B3) deficiency

A

Pellagra

86
Q

Symptoms of pellagra

A

-Symptoms referred as the four Ds
-Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

87
Q

Functions of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)

A

Important for transamination, synthesis of nonessential amino acids

88
Q

B6 deficiency can also lead to

A

Anemia

89
Q

Deficiency symptoms of B6

A

-Anemia
-Depression
-Convulsions
-dermatitis
-Weaker immune system

90
Q

Folate B9 is
Consumed in two forms

A

1.Folate
-Naturally occurring form
2. Folic Acid
-Synthetic form, easier to absorb in GI

91
Q

Toxicity Symptoms of B6

A

Numb feet, nerve damage, loss of sensation in hands

92
Q

One important function of folate (B9)

A

Cell division: DNA replication requires folate during cell division

93
Q

Folate deficiency (B9)

A

-Inability to synthesize DNA during folate deficiency
-Results in large, immature red blood cells that are fewer in number: Macrocytic anemia

94
Q

Functions of b12 (cobalamin)

A

Essential in converting folate into active form
-Maintains the insulating lining that covers nerve fibers known as: Myelin sheath

95
Q

B12 Deficiency

A

-Macrocytic Anemia
If due to lack of intrinsic factor: Pernicious anemia

96
Q

Microminerals

A

-Recommended intake <100 mg per day
-iron, copper, manganese, iodine

97
Q

Macrominerals

A

Present in greater amounts in the body
-Recommended intake >= 100MG per day
-Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium

98
Q

Calcium

A

-Most abundant mineral in the body
-99% of calcium is in skeleton or bones and teeth
-1% found in blood, extracellular fluids, muscle, and other tissues

99
Q

Function of calcium

A

building and maintenance of bone
-Muscle contraction
Calcium plays the role in: Hormone regulation

100
Q

Phosphorus

A

-2nd most abundant mineral in body
85% is in our bones, remainder found in soft tissues like muscles
-Phosphorus usually found as a compound with four oxygen atoms

101
Q

Function of phosphorus

A

_Part of bones and teeth
-Facilitates enzyme function: can also turn off function of enzymes
-Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) component: Usable for of energy

102
Q

Magnesium

A

-The macro mineral found in the smallest amount in body
-50% located in bone
Remainder found in:
-Soft tissue: Skeletal muscle, heart and liver
1% found in blood and other bodily fluids

103
Q

Average adult human body contains

A

~35g of magnesium

104
Q

Functions of magnesium

A

-Component of hydroxyapatite crystals in bone
-Maintenance of DNA and RNA integrity
-ATP stabilization
-Facilitates muscle contraction

105
Q

Sulfur

A

7th most abundant mineral in body

106
Q

Roles of sulfur

A

Primary storage site for sulfur in the body:
In amino acids methionine and cysteine
-Sulfur in cysteine can bond to another cysteine to form a bridge
Sulfur is also a key element in glutathione

107
Q

Iron

A

Storage in body: Relatively small amounts
-2-4 G

108
Q

Iron deficiency is

A

Most common deficiency in the world

109
Q

Primary role of iron:

A

Assist in delivery of O2 to tissues and cells

110
Q

Anemia:

A

Clinical condition in which hemoglobin is too low
Iron deficiency anemia is one form

111
Q

Zinc

A

-Zinc deficiency is a world wide problem
-Zinc is important for the function of nearly 200 different enzymes

112
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

-Dwarfism in young teens, particularly males
-Poor sexual development
-Deformed bones
-Abnormal hair and nails; hair loss

113
Q

Roles of copper

A

-Exerts physiological effects as a cofactor of enzymes
Needed for absorption, storage, and metabolism of iron

114
Q

Functions of copper:

A

Iron use and incorporation into hemoglobin and RBCs
-Defense against free radicals
-Immune defense
-Strengthening collagen

115
Q

Iodine Primary functions

A

-Facilitates production of a hormone in thyroid gland

116
Q

Iodine deficiency:

A

Results in thyroid gland cells enlarging in attempt to absorb iodine
May cause:
Offspring to be born with cretinism

117
Q

Fluoride

A

-Associated with healthy teeth
- Bone and teeth are composed of hydroxyapatite

118
Q

Chromium:

A

Facilitates glucose uptake by improve function of hormone insulin

Nutrition 202 Exam 3 (1 decks)

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