Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
How much energy does alcohol provide?
A
7 kcal/gram
2
Q
What is a standard drink?
A
A drink that contains 14g of alcohol
3
Q
What is a standard drink of beer?
A
12 ounces
4
Q
What is a standard drink of a wine cooler?
A
10 ounces
5
Q
What is a standard drink of wine?
A
5 ounces
6
Q
What is a standard drink of hard liquor?
A
1.5 ounces
7
Q
What is moderate alcohol intake for a woman?
A
One standard size drink per day
8
Q
What is moderate alcohol intake for a man?
A
Two standard size drinks per day
9
Q
Where is alcohol absorbed in the body?
A
20% is absorbed in the stomach and the rest is absorbed through the small intestine
10
Q
How is alcohol metabolized?
A
Because it cannot be stored, it has priority in metabolism via the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway (ADH)
11
Q
When is the ADH pathway used?
A
During low to moderate alcohol intake
12
Q
When is the MEOS or catalase pathway used?
A
During moderate to excessive alcohol intake
13
Q
Where does the ADH take place?
A
Stomach and the liver
14
Q
Where does the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) take place?
A
In the liver
15
Q
Where does the catalase pathway take place?
A
Liver and other cells
16
Q
What are the risks of excessive alcohol consumption?
A
High blood pressure and stroke, cancers of the mouth and throat, liver disease and liver failure, and accidents
17
Q
How does excessive alcohol abuse impact vitamin status?
A
Can cause water-soluble vitamin deficiencies like wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome due to thiamin deficiency as well as deficiencies in riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, and folate
18
Q
What doe anabolic pathways achieve?
A
They use small compounds to build larger ones
19
Q
What do catabolic pathways achieve?
A
They break down compounds into other important substrates
20
Q
How is energy captured in metabolism?
A
ATP
21
Q
What happens to macronutrients in order to produce ATP?
A
They are oxidized
22
Q
In Anaerobic metabolism, how many ATP are produced?
A
2 ATP
23
Q
In Aerobic metabolism, how many ATP are produced?
A
30-32 ATP
24
Q
What is the final electron acceptor?
A
oxygen
25
What is glycolysis?
Glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytosol. Oxygen is not needed, and is reversible
26
How is pyruvate then handled in the body?
It is transferred into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl-CoA in the presence of oxygen
27
What happens to intermediates in the TCA cycle?
They are oxidized and donate their electrons
28
Why is the ETC important?
It is the main site of ATP production
29
What are the metabolic end products of aerobic metabolism?
ATP, FAD, NAD+, Water, CO2
30
What is lipolysis?
Process by which triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
31
What is hormone-sensitive lipase?
Facilitates lipolysis, is activated by glucagon and inhibited by insulin
32
What is fatty acid oxidation?
Fatty acids are cleaved 2 carbons at a time to create acetyl-CoA. This process makes more ATP than glucose
33
What is the consequences of low carbohydrate consumption?
It decreases oxaloacetate production which slows the TCA cycle. B-oxidation continues, and a build up of acetyl-CoA occurs, which is used to make ketone bodies
34
What is glucogenic AA?
carbon skeleton used to form glucose through gluconeogenesis
35
What is ketogenic AA?
carbon skeleton used to form acetyl-CoA
36
What deamination used for?
Breaks down proteins and AA. Liver prepares the amino groups for excretion in the urea cycle where it is converted to urea and excreted in urine
37
What is Feasting?
Excess consumption beyond body's kcal requirements from ANY energy-yielding nutrient will contribute to an increase in total body fat
38
What is postprandial fasting?
During initial fasting (0-6 hours), the body fuels itself with glucose from glycogen and fatty acids from triglyceride breakdown.
39
What is short-term fasting?
(6-48 hours), at this point the glucose stores have been depleted so fat is broken down as well as lean tissue
40
What is long-term fasting?
(2-7 days), It slows the breakdown of lean tissue and instead uses ketone bodies
41
What is a coenzyme?
they are ions or small molecules that interact with enzymes, enabling enzymes to function
42
What is the coenzyme of thiamin?
TPP
43
What are the coenzymes of riboflavin?
FAD and FMN
44
What are the coenzymes of niacin?
NAD and NADP
45
What is the coenzyme of pantothenic acid?
CoA
46
What is the coenzyme for B6?
PLP
47
What is the coenzyme for Folic acid?
THFA
48
What digestion and absorption occurs in the stomach for water-soluble vitamins?
B-vitamins bound to proteins are released in the stomach
49
What digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine for water-soluble vitamins?
Enzymes aid in the release of B-vitamins from the food matrix and they are directly absorbed and released into the blood stream
50
How are water-soluble vitamins transported?
The circulatory system transports them to the liver
51
Which water-soluble vitamins are stored?
B6 abd B12
52
How are water-soluble vitamins excreted?
Via the kidneys through urine
53
How are water-soluble vitamins destroyed?
They can be destroyed through heat, light, air, and alkaline substances, and through cooking
54
What techniques are used to prevent destroying water-soluble vitamins when cooking?
Steam, stir-fry, microwave, limit heat and water exposure
55
What water-soluble vitamins are used in energy production?
Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), and Niacin (B3)
56
What water-soluble vitamins participate in neurotransmitter synthesis?
Niacin (B3), Pyroxidine (B6), Vitamin C and folate
57
What is B1?
Thiamin
58
What is TPP used for?
It participates in glycolysis and the TCA cycle
59
What are good food sources for thiamin (B1)?
Whole, fortified and enriched grains
Dried beans
milk, cheese, and yogurt,
pork, tuna
60
What is Beriberi?
A thiamin deficiency, affects the nervous system, muscles, cardiovascular system. Alcoholics, elderly, and people with malabsorptive conditions
61
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
A thiamin deficiency which is related to alcohol abuse, affects the central nervous system
62
What is B2?
Riboflavin
63
Which B-vitamin is light sensitive?
B2
64
What does the coenzyme of riboflavin participate in?
Oxidation and reduction reactions in the TCA cycle
65
What are good food sources of riboflavin (B2)?
Whole, fortified or enriched grains
milk, yogurt, cottage cheese
mushrooms
beef liver, eggs
66
What is ariboflavinosis?
A riboflavin deficiency characterized by inflamed throat, mouth, tongue, and cracked tissue around the mouth. Populations at risk include alcoholics, people with malabsorptive disorders and poor diets
67
What is vitamin B3?
Niacin
68
What does the coenzyme of Niacin (B3) participate in?
Glycolysis, TCA cycle, pyruvate conversion to lactate, fatty acid synthesis, and alcohol metabolism
69
What are good food sources of Niacin (B3)?
Whole, fortified and enriched grains
dried beans, nuts
mushrooms
meats
milk, cheese, yogurt
coffee
70
What is pellegra?
A Niacin deficiency, characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
71
What are the effects of Niacin (B3) toxicity?
Flushing of the skin, itching, tingling
72
What is Biotin?
its coenzyme participates in carboxylation reactions needs for carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine
73
What are good food sources for pantothenic acid and biotin?
Widespread in foods
74
What is B6?
Pyroxidine
75
How is B6 converted to its active form?
An addition of a phosphate
76
Why is PLP important?
It participates in all transamination reactions in amino acid metabolism
77
What are good food sources of pyroxidine (B6)?
Seeds (sesame and sunflower)
Garbanzo beans
white potato
meat, poultry, and fish
78
What are the functions of folate?
THFA is necessary for one carbon transfers used in DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation, as well as amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis
79
What are good food sources of folate?
Fortified or enriched grains
orange juice
dried beans
broccoli, asparagus, artichokes, beets, avocado
dark leafy green vegetables
80
What does a deficiency of folate cause?
It is associated with elevated blood levels of homocystine which is a recognized risk factor for CVD
81
What does the deficiency of folate in babies cause?
Neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly
82
What is the coenzyme form of B12?
methyl cobalamin
83
What are the functions of B12?
Necessary for one carbon transfers used in DNA regulation, red blood cell formation, amino acid metabolism, and nerve function
84
What are good food sources of B12?
shellfish, fish
meats
milk, cottage cheese, yogurt
fortified soymilk and cereals
eggs
supplements
foods of animal origin
it is synthesized by microorganisms
85
What does intrinsic factor do?
It binds to B12 to allow it to be absorbed
86
What is a B12 deficiency?
Pernicious anemia, older adults, vegans and vegetarians, people with malabsorptive disorders, and infants with a b12 deficient mother are at risk
87
How do folate and B1 work together?
The methyl group is transferred from THFA to vitamin B12, which then donates it to homosysteine for it to become methionene
88
What is a deficiency of folate and B12?
Megaloblastic Anemia, which is characterized by large immature RBC's
89
Why is vitamin C important?
It acts as an antioxidant which inactivates free radicals and is a part of collagen synthesis
90
What are good food sources of vitamin C?
Citrus fruits
100% juices
strawberries
broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussels sprouts
green/red pepper
91
What is Scurvy?
A deficiency of vitamin C, which disrupts the synthesis of collagen
92
What are carotenoids?
They are provitamin A, which are compounds that can be converted to retinoids of which beta carotene is the one with the most vit A activity
93
What are retinoids?
Preformed vitamin A
94
What are some functions of Vitamin A?
Vision, gene expression and cell differentiation, immune function, bone growth and turnover, and growth and development
95
How does Vitamin A support immune function?
It supports the growth, development and maintenance of epithelial cells including mucos-secreting cells
96
What are carotenoids also considered?
Antioxidants
97
What are the Vitamin A antioxidants?
beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin
98
What are good food sources of Vitamin A?
Sweet potatoes, carrots, kale, broccoli, spinach, pumpkin, apricots, mango, cantaloupe
beef liver, fortified dairy milk, fortified plant-based milk
99
What does the deficiency of Vitamin A lead to?
Blindness
100
What is Vitamin D classified as?
Classified as a vitamin and a prohormone
101
What is the active form of vitamin D?
calcitriol
102
What are the two types of Vitamin D?
Vit D2- ergocalcitriol- from food
Vit D3-cholecalcitriol-from sun
103
What are good food sources of Vitamin D?
Fortified milk, fortified plant-based milk, foritified breakfast cereal
fatty fish (sardines and salmon), cod liver oil, egg yolk
104
How is vitamin D transported, absorbed and activated?
Dietary fat needs to be present in order for it to be absorbed. It is metabolized in the liver and the further metabolized in the kidneys into calcitriol
105
What are the functions of Vitamin D?
It helps to maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. It increases intestinal absorption as well as release from bones
106
What is the result of a vitamin D deficiency?
Ricketts, and osteomalacia
107
What family is Vitamin E a part of?
tocopherols and tocotrienols
108
Is vitamin E an antioxidant?
Yes!
109
What is the function of Vitamin E?
It stops lipid perioxidation damage to cells
110
What are good food sources for Vitamin E?
Seed oils (sunflower, canola, safflower), peanuts, hazelnuts, almonds, and peanut butter
sunflower seeds, wheat germ, avocado
111
What are the two compounds of vitamin K?
Phylloquinones, and menaquinones
112
How are menaquinones formed?
Its synthesized by bacteria in the colon
113
What are the functions of Vitamin K in the body?
Bone metabolism and activation of blood clotting factors
114
What are good food sources of Vitamin K?
Broccoli, asparagus, cabbage, brussel sprouts, green leafy veggies, safflower oil
115
How can a vitamin K deficiency occur?
Prolonged use of antibiotics
116
How should you choose a dietary supplement?
Look for the USP verified seal
