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NUTR 251 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How much energy does alcohol provide?

A

7 kcal/gram

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2
Q

What is a standard drink?

A

A drink that contains 14g of alcohol

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3
Q

What is a standard drink of beer?

A

12 ounces

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4
Q

What is a standard drink of a wine cooler?

A

10 ounces

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5
Q

What is a standard drink of wine?

A

5 ounces

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6
Q

What is a standard drink of hard liquor?

A

1.5 ounces

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7
Q

What is moderate alcohol intake for a woman?

A

One standard size drink per day

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8
Q

What is moderate alcohol intake for a man?

A

Two standard size drinks per day

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9
Q

Where is alcohol absorbed in the body?

A

20% is absorbed in the stomach and the rest is absorbed through the small intestine

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10
Q

How is alcohol metabolized?

A

Because it cannot be stored, it has priority in metabolism via the alcohol dehydrogenase pathway (ADH)

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11
Q

When is the ADH pathway used?

A

During low to moderate alcohol intake

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12
Q

When is the MEOS or catalase pathway used?

A

During moderate to excessive alcohol intake

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13
Q

Where does the ADH take place?

A

Stomach and the liver

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14
Q

Where does the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) take place?

A

In the liver

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15
Q

Where does the catalase pathway take place?

A

Liver and other cells

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16
Q

What are the risks of excessive alcohol consumption?

A

High blood pressure and stroke, cancers of the mouth and throat, liver disease and liver failure, and accidents

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17
Q

How does excessive alcohol abuse impact vitamin status?

A

Can cause water-soluble vitamin deficiencies like wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome due to thiamin deficiency as well as deficiencies in riboflavin, niacin, B6, B12, and folate

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18
Q

What doe anabolic pathways achieve?

A

They use small compounds to build larger ones

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19
Q

What do catabolic pathways achieve?

A

They break down compounds into other important substrates

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20
Q

How is energy captured in metabolism?

A

ATP

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21
Q

What happens to macronutrients in order to produce ATP?

A

They are oxidized

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22
Q

In Anaerobic metabolism, how many ATP are produced?

A

2 ATP

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23
Q

In Aerobic metabolism, how many ATP are produced?

A

30-32 ATP

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24
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

A

oxygen

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25
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

Glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytosol. Oxygen is not needed, and is reversible

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26
Q

How is pyruvate then handled in the body?

A

It is transferred into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl-CoA in the presence of oxygen

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27
Q

What happens to intermediates in the TCA cycle?

A

They are oxidized and donate their electrons

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28
Q

Why is the ETC important?

A

It is the main site of ATP production

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29
Q

What are the metabolic end products of aerobic metabolism?

A

ATP, FAD, NAD+, Water, CO2

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30
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

Process by which triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.

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31
Q

What is hormone-sensitive lipase?

A

Facilitates lipolysis, is activated by glucagon and inhibited by insulin

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32
Q

What is fatty acid oxidation?

A

Fatty acids are cleaved 2 carbons at a time to create acetyl-CoA. This process makes more ATP than glucose

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33
Q

What is the consequences of low carbohydrate consumption?

A

It decreases oxaloacetate production which slows the TCA cycle. B-oxidation continues, and a build up of acetyl-CoA occurs, which is used to make ketone bodies

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34
Q

What is glucogenic AA?

A

carbon skeleton used to form glucose through gluconeogenesis

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35
Q

What is ketogenic AA?

A

carbon skeleton used to form acetyl-CoA

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36
Q

What deamination used for?

A

Breaks down proteins and AA. Liver prepares the amino groups for excretion in the urea cycle where it is converted to urea and excreted in urine

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37
Q

What is Feasting?

A

Excess consumption beyond body’s kcal requirements from ANY energy-yielding nutrient will contribute to an increase in total body fat

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38
Q

What is postprandial fasting?

A

During initial fasting (0-6 hours), the body fuels itself with glucose from glycogen and fatty acids from triglyceride breakdown.

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39
Q

What is short-term fasting?

A

(6-48 hours), at this point the glucose stores have been depleted so fat is broken down as well as lean tissue

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40
Q

What is long-term fasting?

A

(2-7 days), It slows the breakdown of lean tissue and instead uses ketone bodies

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41
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

they are ions or small molecules that interact with enzymes, enabling enzymes to function

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42
Q

What is the coenzyme of thiamin?

A

TPP

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43
Q

What are the coenzymes of riboflavin?

A

FAD and FMN

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44
Q

What are the coenzymes of niacin?

A

NAD and NADP

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45
Q

What is the coenzyme of pantothenic acid?

A

CoA

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46
Q

What is the coenzyme for B6?

A

PLP

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47
Q

What is the coenzyme for Folic acid?

A

THFA

48
Q

What digestion and absorption occurs in the stomach for water-soluble vitamins?

A

B-vitamins bound to proteins are released in the stomach

49
Q

What digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine for water-soluble vitamins?

A

Enzymes aid in the release of B-vitamins from the food matrix and they are directly absorbed and released into the blood stream

50
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins transported?

A

The circulatory system transports them to the liver

51
Q

Which water-soluble vitamins are stored?

A

B6 abd B12

52
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins excreted?

A

Via the kidneys through urine

53
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins destroyed?

A

They can be destroyed through heat, light, air, and alkaline substances, and through cooking

54
Q

What techniques are used to prevent destroying water-soluble vitamins when cooking?

A

Steam, stir-fry, microwave, limit heat and water exposure

55
Q

What water-soluble vitamins are used in energy production?

A

Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), and Niacin (B3)

56
Q

What water-soluble vitamins participate in neurotransmitter synthesis?

A

Niacin (B3), Pyroxidine (B6), Vitamin C and folate

57
Q

What is B1?

A

Thiamin

58
Q

What is TPP used for?

A

It participates in glycolysis and the TCA cycle

59
Q

What are good food sources for thiamin (B1)?

A

Whole, fortified and enriched grains
Dried beans
milk, cheese, and yogurt,
pork, tuna

60
Q

What is Beriberi?

A

A thiamin deficiency, affects the nervous system, muscles, cardiovascular system. Alcoholics, elderly, and people with malabsorptive conditions

61
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

A thiamin deficiency which is related to alcohol abuse, affects the central nervous system

62
Q

What is B2?

A

Riboflavin

63
Q

Which B-vitamin is light sensitive?

A

B2

64
Q

What does the coenzyme of riboflavin participate in?

A

Oxidation and reduction reactions in the TCA cycle

65
Q

What are good food sources of riboflavin (B2)?

A

Whole, fortified or enriched grains
milk, yogurt, cottage cheese
mushrooms
beef liver, eggs

66
Q

What is ariboflavinosis?

A

A riboflavin deficiency characterized by inflamed throat, mouth, tongue, and cracked tissue around the mouth. Populations at risk include alcoholics, people with malabsorptive disorders and poor diets

67
Q

What is vitamin B3?

A

Niacin

68
Q

What does the coenzyme of Niacin (B3) participate in?

A

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, pyruvate conversion to lactate, fatty acid synthesis, and alcohol metabolism

69
Q

What are good food sources of Niacin (B3)?

A

Whole, fortified and enriched grains
dried beans, nuts
mushrooms
meats
milk, cheese, yogurt
coffee

70
Q

What is pellegra?

A

A Niacin deficiency, characterized by diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death

71
Q

What are the effects of Niacin (B3) toxicity?

A

Flushing of the skin, itching, tingling

72
Q

What is Biotin?

A

its coenzyme participates in carboxylation reactions needs for carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
synthesized by bacteria in the large intestine

73
Q

What are good food sources for pantothenic acid and biotin?

A

Widespread in foods

74
Q

What is B6?

A

Pyroxidine

75
Q

How is B6 converted to its active form?

A

An addition of a phosphate

76
Q

Why is PLP important?

A

It participates in all transamination reactions in amino acid metabolism

77
Q

What are good food sources of pyroxidine (B6)?

A

Seeds (sesame and sunflower)
Garbanzo beans
white potato
meat, poultry, and fish

78
Q

What are the functions of folate?

A

THFA is necessary for one carbon transfers used in DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation, as well as amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis

79
Q

What are good food sources of folate?

A

Fortified or enriched grains
orange juice
dried beans
broccoli, asparagus, artichokes, beets, avocado
dark leafy green vegetables

80
Q

What does a deficiency of folate cause?

A

It is associated with elevated blood levels of homocystine which is a recognized risk factor for CVD

81
Q

What does the deficiency of folate in babies cause?

A

Neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly

82
Q

What is the coenzyme form of B12?

A

methyl cobalamin

83
Q

What are the functions of B12?

A

Necessary for one carbon transfers used in DNA regulation, red blood cell formation, amino acid metabolism, and nerve function

84
Q

What are good food sources of B12?

A

shellfish, fish
meats
milk, cottage cheese, yogurt
fortified soymilk and cereals
eggs
supplements
foods of animal origin
it is synthesized by microorganisms

85
Q

What does intrinsic factor do?

A

It binds to B12 to allow it to be absorbed

86
Q

What is a B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia, older adults, vegans and vegetarians, people with malabsorptive disorders, and infants with a b12 deficient mother are at risk

87
Q

How do folate and B1 work together?

A

The methyl group is transferred from THFA to vitamin B12, which then donates it to homosysteine for it to become methionene

88
Q

What is a deficiency of folate and B12?

A

Megaloblastic Anemia, which is characterized by large immature RBC’s

89
Q

Why is vitamin C important?

A

It acts as an antioxidant which inactivates free radicals and is a part of collagen synthesis

90
Q

What are good food sources of vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits
100% juices
strawberries
broccoli, cauliflower, kale, brussels sprouts
green/red pepper

91
Q

What is Scurvy?

A

A deficiency of vitamin C, which disrupts the synthesis of collagen

92
Q

What are carotenoids?

A

They are provitamin A, which are compounds that can be converted to retinoids of which beta carotene is the one with the most vit A activity

93
Q

What are retinoids?

A

Preformed vitamin A

94
Q

What are some functions of Vitamin A?

A

Vision, gene expression and cell differentiation, immune function, bone growth and turnover, and growth and development

95
Q

How does Vitamin A support immune function?

A

It supports the growth, development and maintenance of epithelial cells including mucos-secreting cells

96
Q

What are carotenoids also considered?

A

Antioxidants

97
Q

What are the Vitamin A antioxidants?

A

beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin

98
Q

What are good food sources of Vitamin A?

A

Sweet potatoes, carrots, kale, broccoli, spinach, pumpkin, apricots, mango, cantaloupe
beef liver, fortified dairy milk, fortified plant-based milk

99
Q

What does the deficiency of Vitamin A lead to?

A

Blindness

100
Q

What is Vitamin D classified as?

A

Classified as a vitamin and a prohormone

101
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

calcitriol

102
Q

What are the two types of Vitamin D?

A

Vit D2- ergocalcitriol- from food
Vit D3-cholecalcitriol-from sun

103
Q

What are good food sources of Vitamin D?

A

Fortified milk, fortified plant-based milk, foritified breakfast cereal
fatty fish (sardines and salmon), cod liver oil, egg yolk

104
Q

How is vitamin D transported, absorbed and activated?

A

Dietary fat needs to be present in order for it to be absorbed. It is metabolized in the liver and the further metabolized in the kidneys into calcitriol

105
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin D?

A

It helps to maintain blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. It increases intestinal absorption as well as release from bones

106
Q

What is the result of a vitamin D deficiency?

A

Ricketts, and osteomalacia

107
Q

What family is Vitamin E a part of?

A

tocopherols and tocotrienols

108
Q

Is vitamin E an antioxidant?

A

Yes!

109
Q

What is the function of Vitamin E?

A

It stops lipid perioxidation damage to cells

110
Q

What are good food sources for Vitamin E?

A

Seed oils (sunflower, canola, safflower), peanuts, hazelnuts, almonds, and peanut butter
sunflower seeds, wheat germ, avocado

111
Q

What are the two compounds of vitamin K?

A

Phylloquinones, and menaquinones

112
Q

How are menaquinones formed?

A

Its synthesized by bacteria in the colon

113
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin K in the body?

A

Bone metabolism and activation of blood clotting factors

114
Q

What are good food sources of Vitamin K?

A

Broccoli, asparagus, cabbage, brussel sprouts, green leafy veggies, safflower oil

115
Q

How can a vitamin K deficiency occur?

A

Prolonged use of antibiotics

116
Q

How should you choose a dietary supplement?

A

Look for the USP verified seal

NUTR 251 (4 decks)

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