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BIO 112 > EXAM 3 > Flashcards

EXAM 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of Eukaryotes

A
  1. Cell w/ nuclei surrounded by a nuclear envelope w/ pores
  2. Mitochondria
  3. Cytoskeleton of microtubules & microfilaments
  4. Flagella and Cilia
  5. Chromosomes organized by histones
  6. Mitosis
  7. Sexual Reproduction
  8. Cell Walls (NOT IN ANIMAL)
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2
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

membrane enclosing the nucleus, protein-lined pores allow material to move in/out of

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA plus associated proteins

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4
Q

Nucleolus

A

condensed region where ribosomes are formed

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5
Q

Peroxisome

A

metabolizes waste

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6
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough: associated with ribosomes; makes secretory and membrane proteins
Smooth: makes lipids

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7
Q

Cytoskeleton Microtubules

A

form the mitotic spindle and maintain cell shape

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8
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule-organizing center

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9
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

fibrous proteins that hold organelles in place

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10
Q

Microfilaments

A

fibrous proteins; form the cellular cortex

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11
Q

Plasma membrane

A

OUTSIDE

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12
Q

Lysosome

A

digests food and waste materials

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13
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

modifies proteins

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly to Float in

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce energy

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16
Q

Vacuole

A

Waste vacuum

17
Q

Microfilament

A

thin; weak

18
Q

Intermediatefilament

A

medium

19
Q

Microtubule

A

strong; thick

20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

reinforce membrane
maintain shape & overall function
formation in mitosis

21
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

energy from sunlight
carbon source from inorganic sourse
ALL HAVE CHLOROPLAST that use CHLOROPHYLL A

22
Q

Chemoheterotrophs (US)

A

energy and carbon from organic compounds
Absorptive Digestion- breakdown occurs OUTSIDE cell and monomers brought inside
INGESTIVE- phagocytosis brings polymer inside cell and enzymes digest it to monomers

23
Q

Building a Eukaryote

A

Surround dsDNA (double strand)
Nucleus
Endosymbiosis (mitochondria & chloroplasts)
Aerobic Alphaproteobacterial to mitochondrion (protect)
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria to chloroplast
Secondary ES for plastids
Can be colonial.
Multicellular
Communicate and Coordinate

24
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis (rare)

A

some protists (lots of plants) absorb sunlight

25
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

UC Eukaryotes- Mitosis
MC Eukaryotes- Budding (clones)
(less energy; no diversity)
(no mixing of genomes)

26
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Meiosis
Fertilization
seperate haploid & diploid phases
2 haploid gametes to diploid zygote
(more energy; diversity)

27
Q

Protists Saga

A

-Paraphyletic Group
- many protists are more related to animals, plants, or fungi than to other protists
- live in soil, freshwater, marine water, animal digestive tracts, plant vascular tissues
-some are parasites (malaria)

28
Q

Protists Evolution

A

cannot be called plants
gametes & zygotes can dry out
cannot be called fungi
do not have chitin in cell wall
cannot be called animals
do not undergo embryonic development development
12 different kingdoms
6 supergroups

29
Q

Cell Structure of Protists

A

some live as colonies
some large, multinucleate single cell
resemble blobs of slime or ferns
nuclei different sizes and roles
size range 1 micrometer to 3 meters
some plant-like cell walls
some glassy silica-based shells or protein pellicles

30
Q

Metabolism of Protists

A

aerobic or anaerobic
photoautotrophs with chloroplasts
heterotrophs consume others
saprobes absorb nutrients from dead
mixotrophs change nutrition by conditions
phagocytosis into a food vacuole to phagolysosome
amoebas

31
Q

Motility of Protists

A

motile & perform taxis
flagella: whip-like
cilia: hair-like
pseudopodia: extension, slurp along cell (SLIME WALK)

32
Q

Life Cycle of Protists

A

reproduce asexual
transverse or longitudinal binary fission
multiple fission or budding
sexual reproduction if stressor occurs
resistant cysts produced
parasitic protists infect different host at different stages

33
Q
A

BIO 112 (1 decks)

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