Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbio > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the benefits associated with viruses

A

Vital members of aquatic ecosystems

Can be used to destroy cancer cells and pathogenic bacteria
- phage therapy

Bacteriophages in human guts may regulate bacterial microbiome

Important model organisms

Treat infection without antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What size are viruses and how can we see them

A

Very small

Only observed via electron microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the chase experiment

A

1952

Dr. Martha Chase

Discovered that dna was the genetic material, prior belief was proteins

Viruses were used to determine the genetic material because they have very simple structures

DNA has phosphorus, proteins has sulfur
- only saw phosphate molecules go inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 7 characteristics to decide if something is alive in biology

A

Growth and development
- cell has to change overtime

Respond to the environment

Cellular structure and component

Metabolism
- energy from chemical reactions

Homeostasis
- stable inner conditions

Heredity of traits

Reproduce offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

No, viruses only do 2 of the 7 characteristics: reproduce and heredity
- don’t do it all the time
- not good at it
- only do when inside a host cell (inert when not inside a host cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are viruses

A

Acellular infectious agents
- obligate intracellular parasites

They infect all types of cells
- bacteria
- archaea
- eukaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are viruses in the tree of life

A

Nowhere

Viruses don’t have ribosomes

Viruses don’t have 1 common gene amongst them all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the structure of a virus particle covering

A

Capsid
(Envelope)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the structure of a virus particle central core

A

Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, never both)
(Matrix proteins)
(Enzymes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define virion and virus

A

Virion = 1

Virus = many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Simplified structure of virus

A

Capsid and nucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the covering of the virion structure

A

Capsid
- made out of proteins
- protects the nucleic acid
- these proteins are involved in host cell recognition, binding, and release of nucleic acids into host cell
- all viruses have this

Envelope
- made out of lipids
- not all viruses have this
- come from host, virus cannot make their own membrane
- usually infect animal cells bc it’s easier to get membrane from animal cells
- viral proteins replace host proteins

Spike proteins
- commonly known proteins are spike proteins, they’re important in cell recognition of host cell
- not all viruses have this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the basic structure of capsids

A

Icosahedral
- facets
- radial symmetry

Filamentous
- tube
- helical symmetry
- flexible or rigid/straight

Complex
- hard to describe

Amorphous viruses
- no symmetry
- no shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the core of the virion structure

A

Core
- nucleic acids (viral genome)
- dna or rna, never both (don’t do central dogma)

Proteins
- not all viruses carry proteins/enzymes
- viral proteins/enzymes encoded by genome
- vary by type or virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compare and contrast naked virus and envelope virus

A

Envelope virus
- weak
- damage envelope, cannot find host because doesn’t have its spike proteins to infect, becomes inactive

Naked virus
- strong
- with us forever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define Baltimore classification system

A

Categorize viruses based on their genome
- what type of nucleic acid do they carry inside the capsid

Steps to get to mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the steps for viral multiplication

A
  1. Attachment (absorption)
  2. Entry into the host cell (penetration)
  3. Synthesis
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe attachment for viral multiplication

A

Step with specificity
- host range
- can’t infect any random cell
— specific, can’t jump from domain to domain or species to species

Envelope/capsid proteins bind with specific receptors in the host cell membrane

Antibiotics target spike proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe entry into the host cell for viral multiplication

A

Depends on the virus
A) inject nucleic acids
B) receptor mediated endocytosis
— receptor in host cell recognizes the virus, takes it in via endocytosis
C) viral envelope fuses with host cell’s membrane
— capsid and nucleic acid goes into host cell
— only with envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe synthesis for viral multiplication

A

Steps and location depend on the viral genome

Virus uses host cell machinery to make more copies of itself
- virus takes over the whole cell
- cell will stop doing its normal processes and become a virus factory

High mutation rate
- more steps mean more mistakes
- our cells have not evolved to make viruses, especially those made of rna, forces to make viruses very fast, mistakes happen a lot (variants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe assembly for viral multiplication

A

Location depends on virus
- nucleus
- cytoplasm
- ER/Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe release for viral multiplication

A

Depends on the virus
A) cell lysis (naked virus)
B) budding (enveloped viruses)
— cell membrane
— ER/Golgi
— other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the name for viruses in the lytic cycle

A

Virulent phage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the name for viruses in the lysogenic cycle

A

Temperate phage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe viral infections in animal cells

A

Attachment

Entry

A) acute infection (cytocidal: cell death)
- get sick fast, heal fast
B) latent infection (persistent infection)
- no symptoms, don’t know we’re sick, virus is inside
C) chronic infection (persistent infection)
- do 5 steps very slowly, no symptoms right away, long-term
D) transformation into malignant cell (cytopathic changes)
- host cell changes into something else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Define Epstein- Barr

A

Both persistent infections
- latent and chronic
- depends on health of host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe antiviral therapy

A

Antiviral agents are hard to discover
- what can be targeted?
- capsid (specific for each virus)
- not one thing shared in common

Antiviral agents may be specific for specific viruses
- won’t target large group of viruses

Antiviral agents may have severe side effects
- some drugs may target the host cell structures (not ideal)
- focusing on replication process
- metabolized by liver

Viral genomes mutate quickly, even faster than bacteria
- not one antiviral agent will work for long
- drug development is hard

Can treat symptoms, can’t treat the infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is virus class based on

A

Genome
- genome is based on steps to get to mRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe classes 1 and 2

A

Single or double stranded dna

Follows central dogma of eukaryotic cells
- simple, straightforward synthesis process

Viral dna will enter nucleus of host cell because replication and transcription machinery are there, they need the host cell machinery

Virus will be in nucleus and cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe HPV

A

Example of dsDNA

Causes warts or cancerous lesions
Direct contact-sexual
Icosachaedral capsid
Naked
Extracellular matrix proteins (keratinocytes)
- virus uses this to find host cells
Endocytosis
- taken in
Nucleus, then cytoplasm
- replication and transcription, translation
Lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How does HPV infect skin cells

A

Infects bottom cells, virus replicates slower than epithelial cells

As cells go up in layers, not changing like usual, not dying and sloughing off, continue to grow and multiply
- virus tries to maintain the host cell alive so it can complete its cycle of replication

Conclusion: virus manipulates most cell so the host cell doesn’t die, so it has time to complete its full cycle and replicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Describe classes 3, 4, 5, and 6

A

RNA viruses

Mostly only found in cytoplasm
- rarely in nucleus (dont have dna, no reason to use nucleus machinery)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Describe the synthesis of rna viruses

A

RNA to protein

Done in the cytoplasm

RNA dependent RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Define rna dependent rna polymerase

A

Viral protein that creates this enzyme that uses RNA as a template to make more rna
- never goes back to dna or use dna as a template

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the synthesis of retroviruses

A

RNA (cytoplasm) goes to DNA (nucleus) then follows central dogma

Uses reverse transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Define reverse transcriptase

A

Enzyme that uses rna as a template to make dna

Retrovirus dna integrates into our genome
- 10% of our genome is viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Does dsRNA use rna dependent rna polymerase?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Describe SARS-CoV-2

A

Causes COVID 19
Direct transmission respiratory route
Helical capsid
ssRNA+
- inside cytoplasm of host cell, can directly go to translation and then make more copies of itself
- uses rna dependent rna polymerase to replicate in the cytoplasm
Enveloped
ACE2- receptor in host cells (critical to regulating processes such as blood pressure, wound healing and inflammation)
Endocytosis
Cytoplasm (makes)
- ER Golgi (assembles)
Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are good targets for drugs in SARS CoV 2

A

Targets spikes (mutations happens at spikes)
Target capsid
Target rna dependent rna polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe Ebola

A

Causes hemorrhagic fever
Direct transmission via bodily fluids
Helical capsid
ssRNA-
Enveloped
C-type lectins (cell adhesion, immune response, apoptosis)
Endocytosis
Cytoplasm
Budding
- how it gets the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Describe influenza virus

A

Causes influenza or flu
Direct transmission
- respiratory route
Pleomorphic capsid
ssRNA-
- needs to convert to + to continue
Enveloped
Segmented genome
Brings rna dependent rna polymerase
- 1 attached to every rna segment
Sialic acid receptors in host cells
Endocytosis
Viral rna replication in nucelus (exception )
Viral translation in cytoplasm (+ sense)
Cytoplasm/Golgi
-assembly
Budding

Need new vaccine every year because virus mutates fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Describe retroviruses

A

Class 6
ssRNA
reverse transcriptase
dsDNA is integrated into the hosts dna and serves as a template for mRNA synthesis and positive strand rna genome synthesis

Goes from RNA to DNA, replicates and transcription (nucleus), and translation (cytoplasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Describe HIV
- cause
- attacks what
- shape
- what type of nucleic acid
- structure
- needs 3 enzymes
- describe the process of the virus entering the cell

A

Example of retrovirus
Causes aids
Direct transmission
- parenteral and sexual contact
CD4+ receptor
- only found in T cells
- important in immune system
- low CD4+ is associated with aids

Cone shaped capsid
ssRNA retrovirus (segmented)
Enveloped
Need reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase

Envelope fusion
-capsid enters cell
Cytoplasm to nucleus to cytoplasm
Latent infection (not replicating) or acute (replicating, showing symptoms)
Budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Difference between hiv and aids

A

HIV
- virus is inside
- integrated
- undetected

Aids
- symptoms
- harm to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Define endosymbiotic theory

A

Explains the evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts
- eukaryotic cells may have originated as predators
- compartments allow them to be bigger than protists

Mitochondria: began as an aerobic prokaryotic cell engulfed by a primitive anaerobic eukaryotic cell -> symbiotic relationship -> evolved into modern mitochondria
- have mitochondrial DNA and limited capacity to make their own proteins

Chloroplasts: started as photosynthetic prokaryotic cells engulfed by eukaryotic cell -> symbiotic relationship -> evolved into modern chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Who is accredited for endosymbiotic Theory

A

Dr. Lynn Margulis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the eukaryotic cell

A

External
- appendages (flagella and cilia)
- glycocalyx

Boundary
- cytoplasmic membrane
- (cell wall)

Internal
- nucleus (nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromosomes)
- ribosomes
- cytoskeleton (Microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments)
- membrane-bound organelles (Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, ((cell wall))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Describe a fungi

A

Unicellular or multicellular

Non motile
- exception is spores

Diverse morphology
- yeasts (unicellular and micro)
- molds (multicellular and macro)
- mushrooms (multicellular and macro)

Cell wall: chitin
- do not have chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is a fungi cell wall made out of

A

Chitin

Plants have cellulose cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Describe unicellular fungi

A

Yeast

Microscopic
- bigger than bacteria

Cell distinguished by its oval shape
- all yeast cells have this shape

It grows swellings on its surface called buds, which then beco,e separate cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Describe reproductive process of yeast cells

A

It grows swellings on its surface called buds, which then become separate cells

Aka budding

Undergo mitotic cell division through budding
- not in the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Describe mold

A

Multicellular

Can be seen with the naked eye

Produce toxins, pharmaceuticals

Pproduce secondary metabolites (complex molecules)
- examples include antibiotics, cancer drugs, and psychedelics

Can cause food spoilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Describe the mold structures

A

Hyphae: one filament of cells
- microscopic

Mycelium: an aggregate of hyphae
- naked eye

Aerial hyphae: reproductive structure with spores
- aka sporangium
- sometimes see with naked/eye
- stores the spores

54
Q

Define aerial hyphae

A

3 different types

Reproductive structure with spores
- when mold is ready to reproduce, create aerial hyphae, release spores, and spores will fall somewhere else where they can germinate and create new mold

Usually, different colors than hyphae

55
Q

Describe mushrooms

A

Multicellular

Seen with the naked eye

Source of
- food
- toxins
- psychedelics

56
Q

What is the structure of the mushroom

A

Fruiting body
- reproductive structure (aerial hyphae)
- naked eye

Mycelium
- majority of structure is under the substrate
- microscopic

57
Q

Where do fungal spores spread

A

Spread everywhere

58
Q

Compare and contrast endoscopes and fungal spores

A

Endospore
- protective layers
- 1 cell make 1 spore
- survival mechanism
- adds additional protection (resistance)

Fungal spore
- no protective layers
- 1 fungi makes thousand spores
- reproduction
- equal to fungi, not providing additional protection (resistant and sensitive to the same things)

59
Q

What are the adverse impacts of fungi

A

Pathogens
- eating living matter

Most opportunistic pathogens
- only cause disease if someone is already sick (compromised immune system)
True pathogens: can get anybody sick

Great plant pathogens
- destruction of crops and food storage
- food spoilage

60
Q

Why aren’t fungi great pathogens

A

Don’t have great virulence factors for our immune system

Not great pathogens to animals bc our immune system is more developed and complex than plants

Surviving Host category

61
Q

Beneficial impact of fungi

A

Saprophytes (decomposers): dead organic matter
- used in food production (fermented food, enzymes)

Secondary metabolites: sources of antibiotics, vitamins, cancer drugs, and hallucinogens

Beneficial relationships with trees
- mycorrhizae

62
Q

Describe mycorrhizae

A

Helps trees get phosphorous, trees help them get sugars because they produce this via photosynthesis
- need the interaction to grow

63
Q

Define protists

A

Eukaryotic organism that is not plant, animal, or fungi
- can be pathogenic

Slime and water molds
- motility
- caused Irish potato famine

64
Q

What is the largest and fastest organism

A

Fungi

65
Q

Describe the ant fungi that create zombie like behavior

A

Enter: spores to fall on ant

Attach/ evade host: enzymes to degrade exoskeleton/ mechanical pressure

Escape/ evade host: insects don’t have a developed immune system

Cause damage: produce secondary metabolites
- chemicals I’m brain and muscles

Exit the host: fruiting body/ aerial hyphae

66
Q

What are the nutrients needed for microbes

A

Macronutrients
- CHONPS
- organic or inorganic source

Micronutrients
- trace elements

67
Q

Define metabolism

A

All reactions that the cell makes to generate atp and all reactions that the. Elk uses that atp for

Aka: reactions that make and use atp

68
Q

What is the strive of energy in cells

A

ATP

69
Q

What does atp help produce

A

Growth
Replication
Homeostasis
Adapting to environment
Heat
Cellular components

70
Q

Define anabolism

A

Production of cellular components
- using atp to make other parts of the cell

71
Q

Define catabolism

A

The reactions the cell uses to make ATP

72
Q

What three things does a cell need to make atp

A

Energy
Carbon
Electrons

73
Q

Describe atp

A

Nucleotide
- adenosine triphosphate

Energy carrier/activated carrier
- stores energy and store info in the form of dna

3 phosphates = store atp
1 phosphate lost = releases energy
2 phosphates = atp spent

74
Q

Describe NADH

A

Important in catabolism because energy can also be carried as NADH in cells

Nucleotide (dinucleotide)
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide + hydrogen

Oxidation-reduction reactions

Electron carrier
- will be converted to atp later
- accepts electrons (energy full: NADH)
- donates electrons (energy released: NAD)

  • these molecules determine how much energy a cell has
75
Q

Define first law of thermodynamics

A

Energy is transformed
- not created nor destroyed
- use energy to make more energy
- use energy stored in chemical bonds to generate more energy

76
Q

What are the two sources of energy

A

Light

Chemicals

77
Q

What is the type of organism that uses light

Give examples

A

Phototroph

Bacteria, archaea, protists, and plants

78
Q

What is the type of organism that uses chemicals

Give examples

A

Chemotroph

Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, and animals

79
Q

Life on earth is blank based

A

Carbon based

80
Q

What are the two sources of carbon

A

Inorganic carbon sources (carbon dioxide)

Organic
- sugars, fats, and proteins

81
Q

What type of organism uses inorganic carbon sources

Give examples

A

Autotroph
- convert inorganic sources to organic sources

Bacteria, archaea, protists, and plants

82
Q

Define carbon fixation

A

Convert inorganic carbons to sugars

83
Q

What type of organism uses organic carbon sources

Give examples

A

Heterotroph
- don’t convert

Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, and animals

84
Q

What are the two sources of electrons and why are electrons important

A

Important to generate proton (H) gradient

Inorganic

Organic

85
Q

What type of organism uses inorganic electron sources

A

Lithotroph

Bacteria, archaea, protists, and plants

86
Q

What type of organism uses organic electron sources

A

Organotroph

Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, and animals

87
Q

What are the two carbon sources prefixes with definitions

A

Auto: co2 is fixed and assembled into organic molecules

Hetero: preformed organic molecules are acquired and assembled into new organic molecules

88
Q

What are the two energy sources prefixes with definitions

A

Photo: light absorption captures energy

Chemo: chemical molecules yield energy

89
Q

What are the two electron sources prefixes with definitions

A

Litho: inorganic molecules donate electrons

Órgano: organic molecules donate electrons

90
Q

If carbon source is blank, electron source will be blank

A

Inorganic; inorganic

Organic; organic

91
Q

What sources can eukaryotes be

A

Chemo órgano hetero troph

Photo litho auto troph

92
Q

What sources can prokaryotes be

A

All

Chemo órgano hetero troph

Photo litho auto troph

Chemo litho auto troph

Photo órgano hetero troph

Chemo litho hetero troph

93
Q

Describe chemoheterotrophs

A

All pathogens are this
- we are made up of organic molecules, pathogens must be able to eat us
- not enough light or inorganic molecule inside of us to growth of other kinds

94
Q

Define saprophytes

A

Eat dead organic material

95
Q

Define parasites/pathogens

A

Eat living organic material

96
Q

What is the relationship between oxygen and atp

A

Oxygen plays an important role in atp generation

97
Q

Describe aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation

A

Aerobic respiration: go through glycolysis, kreb cycle, electron transport system, use oxygen as electron acceptor and produces 36-38 ATP

Anaerobic respiration: go through glycolysis, kreb cycle, electron transport system, use non-oxygen compounds (SO4, NO3, CO3) as electron acceptor and produces 2-36 ATP

Fermentation: go through glycolysis, use organic compounds as electron acceptor, produce 2 ATP

98
Q

Do NADH and FADH2 accept or donate

A

Donate electrons to generate proton gradient

Aerobic: oxygen is the electron acceptor, making lots of energy

Anaerobic: something else besides oxygen (nitrogen, sulfur, iron) electron acceptor, making less energy

99
Q

Why is there a difference in atp production between aerobic and anaerobic

A

The bigger the difference between electron donor and electron acceptor, the more energy produced

100
Q

Blank reducing bacteria means what

A

Refers to anaerobic respiration

The blank is the final electron acceptor
Examples:
- iron
- sulfur
- nitrogen (denitrifying)
- hydrogen

101
Q

Can these do aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation
- obligate aerobe
- facultative aerobe
- microaerophile
- aerotolerant anaerobe
- strict anaerobe

A

Yes, no, no

Yes, yes, yes

Yes, no, no

No, yes, yes

No, yes, yes

102
Q

What are normal growth conditions

A

Temperature 20-40C

A near natural pH

Sea level

0.9% salt

Ample nutrients
- organic molecules

103
Q

Describe fermentation

A

No Krebs
No ETC
Anaerobic: grow in no presence of oxygen
- only glycolysis
Possible products
- acid
- ethanol
- gas

104
Q

What is unique about fermentation

A

Every ethnic/racial group has their own fermented food that is unique to traditional to them

105
Q

Contrast homolactic, ethanolic, heterolactic, and mixed acid

A

Homolactic
- 2 lactic acids
- no ethanol
- no gas

Ethanolic
- no acid
- 2 ethanol
- 2 carbon dioxide

Heterolactic
- 1 lactic acid
- 1 ethanol
- 1 carbon dioxide

Mixed acid
- acetate, formate, lactate, and succinate
- ethanol
- carbon dioxide / hydrogen gas

106
Q

What is the relationship between fermentation and microbes

A

Some microbes switch between respiration and fermentation
- depending on what’s around because they have all the enzymes to do everything

Some microbes can only do fermentation
- lactic acid bacteria
- don’t have the genes that encode for enzymes for Krebs or electron transport system

107
Q

Describe lactic acid bacteria

A

Beneficial microbe

Only does fermentation
- in a lot of dairy products and probiotic supplement

108
Q

Compare and contrast gas production in fermentation, anaerobic, and aerobic respiration

A

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration produce gas
- byproduct of krebs is carbon dioxide
- anaerobic: final electron acceptors get converted into gas

Fermentation makes way more gas than respiration

109
Q

Describe chemolithoautotrophy

A

Produces own sugars

Inorganic source of energy, electrons, and carbon
- don’t need much to grow and multiply
- always prefers inorganic molecules

ATP generation by oxidation of inorganic molecules
- carbon fixation for biomass

All chemolithotrophs are prokaryotes

Some may switch between nutritional types
- depending on what’s around
- a lot of organic molecules (chemoorganotroph)
- a lot of inorganic molecules (chemolithotroph)

110
Q

Describe autotroph

A

Produces own sugars

Primary producers = prokaryotes/microbes

Produces sugars which primary consumers and secondary consumers take advantage

First primary producers were chemolithoauthotroph

111
Q

What determines energy

A

Depends on who the doctor and acceptor is

112
Q

Describe chemolithotrophy

A

Inorganic energy and electron source -> donates electron to electron transport chain -> oxygen accepts electron -> proton motive force and oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthetase) -> catabolism

Carbon source (often carbon dioxide) -> carbon fixation (autotrophic process) -> anabolism (anabolism: dna, lipids, proteins, and sugars)

113
Q

Describe the electron transport chain on chemolithotrophs

A

Want to make NADH because that a high electro molecule
- run atp synthetase backwards
- gonna use atp to pump protons out into the intermittent space
- proton gradient going backwards
- electrons go back into electron transport chain to make NADH
- run electron transport chain forward to make ATP

Run etc forward and backward

Inefficient because no light and organic molecules present

114
Q

Compare blank oxidizing bacteria and blank reducing bacteria

A

Oxidizing
- blank = electron donor
- possible molecules
- iron, sulfur, nitrogen (nitrifying), and hydrogen
- chemolithotrophs are electron donors

Reducing
- blank = electron acceptor
- possible molecules
- iron, sulfur, nitrogen (nitrifying), and hydrogen
- anaerobic respiration are electron acceptors

115
Q

Describe phototrophy

A

Photoexcited electrons to generate atp
- uses light to generate atp

  1. Pigment based
    - chlorophyll-based phototrophy
  2. Protein pump based
    - rhodopsin-based phototrophy
116
Q

Describe chlorophyll based phototrophy

A
  1. Pigment is excited by the light
  2. Pigment donates electron, ETC, proton gradient, ATP synthase makes ATP
    - NADPH is also made

NADPH electron energy carrier
- only used in anabolic

117
Q

Describe rhodopsin based phototrophy

A
  1. Protein pump is excited by the light
  2. Creates proton gradient, atp synthase makes atp

No etc
- rhodopsin is serving as proton pump

118
Q

Describe the relationship between etc and atp synthase

A

Have etc, have atp synthase
- evidence that we all come from same ancestor
- except fermentation

119
Q

Describe photoheterotrophs

A

Bacterio (archaea) rhodopsin
- aka halophilic archaea
- retinal based proton pumps
- purple in color

Photophosphorylation

No ETC

Consume organic compounds
- to make more organic molecules, not to generate atp

Mostly aerobic

120
Q

Describe photoheterotrophs rhodopsin based phototrophy

A

Protein gets excited by light
Make protein pump protons outside the cell
- creates proton motive force
ATP synthase uses the proton motive force to create atp
* only makes atp

Carbon source (organic molecules) is used to make biosynthesis
- eat organic molecules to make amino acids, lipids, carbs, and nucleotides
- not to make atp

121
Q

Describe photolithotrophs

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis
- most of earths photosynthetic production, especially in the oceans, comes from microbes
- oxygen as waste product

A oxygen is photosynthesis
- oxygen is not waste product
- only prokaryotes

Carbon fixation
- autotrophs

122
Q

Describe photolithotrophs chlorophyll based phototrophy

A

Light reactions:
Pigment is excited by the light
Pigment donates electron to etc
Proton motive force, atp synthase creates atp

Dark reactions:
Day and night
Carbon source (inorganic) used to make biosynthesis
- converts inorganic to organic using the ATP and NADPH made

123
Q

Describe oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Chlorophyll donates electron

Electron donor is water
- donates electron back to chlorophyll to continue cycle

Generates atp and NADPH (acceptor)

Plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria
- only prokaryotes that do oxygenic photosynthesis

Aerobic

124
Q

Describe the internal structures of Cyanobacteria

A

Cell membrane
- folds in itself to create these layers
Thylakoid membranes
- contain the photosystems (more membranes, more photosystems)
Carboxysomes
- protein coat
- enzymes for carbon fixation

Cyanobacteria
- looks similar to chloroplasts
- evidence that photosynthetic bacteria were consumed by larger microbe

125
Q

Describe a oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Only prokaryotes

Bacteriochlorophyll

One photosystem
- bacteriochlorophyll donates electron, etc, atp synthase makes atp

Electron donor is not water
- anything that donates electron back to bacteriochlorophyll to comings the cycle
- generates gases but not oxygen

Generates atp

All other photosynthetic bacteria
- purple bacteria and green bacteria

126
Q

Describe purple bacteria

A

An oxygenic phototrophy

Purple sulfur bacteria
- anaerobes
- electron donor (H2, H2S, S)
- store sulfure granules inside inclusion bodies
- autotrophs (carbon fixation)

Purple non sulfur bacteria
- most are heterotrophs
- electron donor
- organotrophs (organic compounds)
- lithotrophs (H2, reduced sulfur compounds)
- use sulfur, don’t store it
* can switch depending what’s in the environment

127
Q

Describe the Intracellular membrane folds with purple bacteria

A

Many membrane folds
- unique arrangement: either side of the cell, not around
- more folds, more photosystems

128
Q

Describe green bacteria

A

A oxygenic phototrophy
- anything but water

Green sulfur bacteria
- anaerobes
- electron donor (H2, H2S)
- accumulates sulfur outside the cells, no internal granules but still stores sulfur
- autotrophs (carbon fixation)

Green non-sulfur bacteria
- don’t store sulfur, uses it
- can switch depending what’s in the environment (oxygen and light)
- facultative anaerobes
- anaerobic (phototrophs, H2S and H2)
- aerobic (heterotrophs)
- aerobic and dark (chemoheterotrophs)

129
Q

Describe carbon fixation and relationship to autotrophy

A

Inorganic to organic

Primary producers
- base of tropic levels
- ecosystems depend on this

Light absorption/ mineral oxidation -> photolitho/chemolitho -> ATP and NADPH -> sugars (make enough for them and others)

130
Q

What are all the microbes that do carbon fixation / primary producers

A

Bacteria
- Cyanobacteria, purple bacteria, chemolithotrophs, green sulfur bacteria, sulfate reducers, and green non sulfur

Archaea
- sulfur oxidizers, methanogens, aerobic sulfur oxidizers
- all of these are chemolithotrophs

Eukaryotes
- plants, algae

Microbio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions