Exam 3

Question 1

what makes up the core of the spine

Answer 1

the trunk

Question 2

what makes up the vertebral/spinal column

Answer 2

all the vertebrae that form the spine

Question 2

what makes up the core/trunk of the body

Answer 2

back
abdomen
thorax
pelvis

Question 3

co-contraction

Answer 3

simultaneous activation of agonist and antagonist muscles

Question 4

what does the axial skeleton include

Answer 4

vertebral column
ribs
sternum
skull

Question 5

5 regions of the spinal column

Answer 5

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

Question 6

number of cervical vertebrae

Answer 6

7

Question 7

number of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 7

12

Question 8

number of lumbar vertebrae

Answer 8

5

Question 9

number of sacral vertebrae

Answer 9

5

Question 10

number of coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 10

4

Question 11

what shape does the spine make

Answer 11

S

Question 12

lordosis

Answer 12

anterior curvature
curve goes towards anterior portion of the body

Question 13

kyphosis

Answer 13

posterior curvature
curve goes toward posterior portion of the body

Question 14

parts of spine that have lordosis

Answer 14

cervical
lumbar

Question 15

parts of the spine that have kyphosis

Answer 15

thoracic
sacral

Question 16

vertebral body

Answer 16

main portion of vertebrae
absorbs compressive forces

Question 17

vertebral foramen

Answer 17

opening posterior to vertebral body
where the spinal cord runs through

Question 18

vertebral arch

Answer 18

formed by pedicles and laminae
bony base for processes

Question 19

intervertebral foramen

Answer 19

opening between adjacent vertebrae
passage for spinal nerves

Question 20

spinous process

Answer 20

projects dorsally and inferiorly
the giraffe’s nose

Question 20

intervertebral discs

Answer 20

between vertebral bodies
stabilizes and absorbs shock

Question 21

upper cervical spine

Answer 21

C1 and C2
where the skull meets the spine

Question 22

transverse processes

Answer 22

parts that extend laterally from each side

Question 23

atlas

Answer 23

C1
used to nod yes

Question 24

odontoid process

Answer 24

superior projection on the axis (C2) that goes through the foramen of the atlas (C1)
allows for head rotation

Question 25

axis

Answer 25

C2
used to shake no and rotate the skull

Question 26

sternum

Answer 26

flat vertical bone in the sagittal plane
made of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

Question 27

what is the rib cage held to the skeleton by

Answer 27

vertebrae and sternum

Question 28

true ribs

Answer 28

1-7

Question 29

false ribs

Answer 29

8-12

Question 30

floating ribs

Answer 30

11-12

Question 31

foramina of the sacrum

Answer 31

openings on anterior and posterior surfaces
passages for spinal nerves

Question 32

the lumbar spine is the…

Answer 32

largest and least mobile part of the spine
thick anteriorly

Question 32

what does the sacrum form

Answer 32

posterior pelvic wall

Question 33

sacral ala

Answer 33

lateral aspect of superior sacrum
articular surface for the pelvis

Question 34

coccyx

Answer 34

tailbone
formed by 3-5 small vertebrae

Question 35

what is the role of spinal muscles

Answer 35

position, align, and stabilize the trunk
surround and support the spinal column

Question 36

what stabilizes movements in the spine

Answer 36

co-contraction

Question 37

posterior muscle actions on the trunk/neck

Answer 37

extend
rotate
laterally flex

Question 38

posterior muscles

Answer 38

erector spinae
transversospinalis group
splenii
suboccipitals
quadratus lumborum
intertransversarii and interspinales muscles
serratus posterior superior and inferior

Question 39

erector spinae group

Answer 39

most superficial
brings body back to neutral after flexing
cooperates with abdominals for static standing

Question 40

transversospinalis group

Answer 40

deep to erector spinae muscles
connect individual vertebrae
deep postural stability

Question 41

splenii

Answer 41

contribute to rotation, lateral flexion, and extension of the head and neck

Question 42

quadratus lumborum

Answer 42

stabilizes lower back
elevates the pelvis (hip hiker muscle)
flexes trunk laterally

Question 43

serratus posterior superior and inferior

Answer 43

elevate and depress the ribs during respiration

Question 44

anterior musculature actions on the trunk and neck

Answer 44

stabilize
laterally flex

Question 45

anterior muscles

Answer 45

sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
abdominal muscles
diaphragm
intercostals

Question 46

sternocliedomastoid

Answer 46

contralateral rotation
lateral flexion
if we turn our head one way, the opposite side SCM goes concentric

Question 47

scalenes

Answer 47

anterior, middle, and posterior
lateral flexion of cervical spine
brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass between middle and anterior ones

Question 48

tightness in the scalenes can lead to…

Answer 48

compression
thoracic outlet syndrome

Question 49

abdominal muscles

Answer 49

rectus abdominis
obliques
diaphragm
intercostals

Question 50

rectus abdominis

Answer 50

rectus sheath encases the muscles
flexes the trunk

Question 51

obliques