Exam 3 Flashcards
Fundamental attribution error:
we overestimate influence of personality instead of situations
Example: that teach failed me because he is mean
Hippocampus is the memory processing center that is linked with emotions. T or F?
True
Projection
attributes thoughts, feelings, and ideas which are perceived as undesirable to someone else.
example: calling someone racists when the accuser is in fact racist
Extraversion
drawing energy from others, socialble
People are likely to help people in need when they ____, _____, and _______.
notice need, interpret it as an emergency, and assume responsbility
Fearfulness does not run in families. T or F
False
What are the 6 defense mechanisms?
Regression, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement, Denial
Schizophrenia
- delusions & hallucinations
- disorganized and delusional thinking
- disturbed perceptions
- inappropriate emotions/behaviors
Central Route Persuasion
offers evidence and arguements that aim favorable thoughts
example: environmentalists showing evidence of rising temps
A deeply religious person that curses, drinks, has premarital sex
This is what concept?
Cognitive Dissonance
Borderline Personality Disorder
- sudden shifts in mood, inappropriate anger, self injury, splitting (sees all good or all bad) manipulation
- Cinical procedure: bilogy and invalidation “why are you always like this”
- Etiology–difficulty regulating emotions, abuse, neglected
- Treatment–dialectical behavior therapy (different ways of viewing world)
- Ex: Fatal Attraction (the woman was sick in bed and the man was being yelled at, she then in the next scene cut herself)
Example of a Projective Test:
Rorschach Inkblot Test (lets people tell stories about what they see in the ink)
Bystander Effect:
people are less likely to help a person in need because there is a diffusion of responsibility
Who is the advocate of social-cognitive perspective?
Bandura
Myers-Briggs
Extraversion-Introversion
Sensing-Intuition
Thinking-Feeling
Judging-Perceiving
Dialectical Behavior Therapy
LINEHAN:
used to treat borderline
therapist is direct & nondirective
emphathy and challenging
psychoeduation (teach them how their condition forms)
behavioral skills (tolerate stress, interpersonal skills, regulate emotions, mindfullness)
Ideal self versus Real self
Ideal self–who I’d like to be
Real self–who I actually am
If the two are similar then I represent positive self concept, if not then I have negative self concept
Narcissim
excessive self-life & self-absorption
men are more vulnerable to inernalized states. T or F?
False; externalized such as alcohol dependence, antisocial conduct, lack of impulse control
Sociopath vs Psychopath
Sociopath– does not care about people, hurt people in their way
Psychopath–secretly sweet, manipulative, facade
example: Dexter
What did Horney advocate?
- Neofreudian who said childhood anxiety triggers desires for love & security
- Countered that women have weak superegos & suffer “penis envy”
Stanely Milgram
- Social Psychologist who did a study on obedience
- obedeince to authority is powerful
- human beings are capable of truly evil acts if they are in certain situations
- they do what they are to
example: electric shock experiment and stanford prison experiment
Phobias
- Person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object, activity, or situation (stimulus)
- Examples: social phobia (social anxiety disorder)
- Agoraphobia (fear/avoidance of situations in which panic may strike)
What did Jung advocate?
Neofreudian who believed unconscious contains more than repressed thoughts and feelings
Agreeableness
helpful, trusting, friendly
People who have panic attacks don’t worry about having another. T or F?
False
We learn some fears by observing others. T or F?
Cognitive Behavioral Thinking (CBT)
Emotion, Thought, Behavior
they all influence one another
Antipsychotic medication
treat psychosis and extreme agitaition
most helpful for positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Spotlight effect
feeling that everyone judges & over evaluates us
Individualism
giving priority to own’s goals
Informal Social Influence and example:
we assume others are right, and we follow their lead
experiment: a group of people were givena simple task (line test)
the people before the participant picked the wrong answer and he was more likely to pick the wrong answer as well
Cluster A
- odd, eccentric, unusual behavior ranging from distrust & suspiciousness to social detachment
- Example: paraoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Personality Disorders:
rigid pervasive patterns
develop early in life
rarely seek treatment (they probably don’t know they have it)
What are the 3 interacting systems?
Id, Ego, Super ego
Behavior Therapists
- elimination of unwanted behaviors (goal)
- assume that behaviors are the problems
- main technique–counterconditioning
Displacement
picking a fight with someone who has nothing to do with them
example: kicking a wall out of anger
Example of reciprocal determinism:
Bill is a happy smiley person because of his easy temperament. Because he smiles a lot, others too smile at him, which reinforces his smile (positive reinforcement), his mind is filled why he is smiling, the cycle continues
Not all scizophrenics are violent. T or F?
True
Age that schizophrenia forms:
late teens, early 20s
Some categories of the DSM
- anxiety
- OCD
- depressive
- personality
- feeding/eating
What is the most biological psychiactric disorder?
Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar I Disorder:
- person alternates from state of hopelessness to a state of mania
- strikes more people with vivid imagery and expressive (poets, writers, artists)
- less common than major depressive disorder
Person Situation Controversy
traits are a function of personality, not situation; we might act different in different enviornments
Psychological disorders characterized by emotion extremes:
Mood disorders
Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder
Aaron Beck’s Theory for Depression
helped people see how their depression is worsened by “catatrophizing”
Beck challenged these errors in thinking
We most likely conform when we are alone. T or F?
False; 3 or more
The opposite of foot-in-the-door
Door-in-the-face
Who developed the defense mechanisms:
Sigmund Freud
Superego
- “perfection principle”
- internalized ideals and provides standards got judgement (parent and society expectations)
- manifestation of one’s conscious via one’s parent
Exposure Therapies
Systematic Desensitization (Joseph Wolpe)
you can’t be relzed and anxious at the same time
relaxation, create fear hierarchy, pair relaxation with feared object/situation, in vivo, forced exposure, modeling
Denial
refusing to believe painful realities
example: “this isn’t happening to me”
schizotypal
- positive symptoms of schizophrenia
- etiology–stress pushes it over
- treatment–increasing contact, social skills, antipsychotics
- example: DeNiro in Taxi Driver (fine at beginning then focused on killing man)
In the presence of audience, we perform better in what we do well.
T or F?
True
Cognitive Therapy
helps people develop more rational objective ways of thinking, catch dysfunctional thinking
There is a cure for schizophrenia. T or F?
False
Mania
- Lasts about a week
- Overtalkative
- Hyperactive
- Loud, flighty speech, fast talk
- extreme optimism
- grandiosity
- goal-directed behavior
- needs protection from poor judgement
Norms
understood “rules” for acceptable behavior dictated by a culture
Freud theory discrepancy:
- personality develops over life time, not just childhood
- he overemphasized sexuality
- developmental stages are not concrete
good contributions:
- origins of personality in childhood
- unconscious thoughts, feelings, drives
- defense mechanisms
Most common mental disorder in the U.S. is :
Anxiety disorder
Mood disorders run in families. T or F?
True
Cluster C
- anxiety & fearfulness
- Ex: OCD, avoidant, dependent
Who is the advocate of traits?
Allport
Recurring depression during winter is known as:
Seasonal Affective Disorder
General Anxiety Disorder:
- person is tense, worried for no apparent reason
- restlessness
- irritability
- tension
- sleep issues
- fatigue
Belifes, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people
Culture
Psychotherapy methods:
- take what is conscious and look for subconscious
- look at client’s attachment history, relational style, psychological condlct, defenses
- personality can be changed
Cluster B
- tendency to be dramatic, emotional, and erratic, impulsive behavior
- example: histronic, narcissitic, borderline
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- has to be a traumal the victim re-experiences the event
- a person has lingering memories, nightmares, numb feeling of social withdrawl, jumpy anxiety, trouble sleeping for weeks
- hypervigilant
- high neurotisism
- lack of coping
Personalities shape situations. True or false?
True
Treatment of Psychological Disorder
- Psychopharmacology–study of drug effects on behavior, mood, mind
*
Histrionics
- must be in center of attention, proactive, dramatic
- etiology–reinforcement for dramaticism
- example: Kim K
Humanstic Therapists:
client centered
genuineness, empathy, acceptance, warmth (ROGER)
listen, understand, and validate
External Locus of Control:
refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond personal control determines our fate
Person-Centered Perspective:
Carl Rogers
- Genuineness (open with own feelings, drop facades)
- Acceptance offer unconditional positive regard (people accept you regardless of flaws, failures)
- Empathy (sharing/mirroring feelings)
Psychosis (Schizophrenia)
Delusions & Hallucinations
- person loses contact with reality experiencing irrational ideas and distortion (living in a scary world)
Two Humanistic perspective adovcates:
Maslow & Rogers
Bipolar II Disorder
- hypomanic (less severe) and MDE
- period of normality shortens
- rapid cycling
- seasonal
- psychosis
Who studied psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
Case study of Bystander Effect:
Queens, NY
Kitty Genovese: a guy rapes her and attacked her. She even screamed “help me” other people say and assumed someone else would call the cops
close to 40 people saw and no one called cops
Peripheral Route Persuasion:
does not require systematic thinking; produces fast results
example: celebrity endorsement
True or false: Freud says that personality is formed before age 6
True
Benefit of dream analysis:
Look for symbols that reside in unconscious
Neuroticism
anxiety, insecurity, emotional instability
Define: maladaptive
affects normal day-to-day life
Attribution theory is where you look at the enviornment and the person. True or false?
True
Regression, Rationalization, Reaction Formation, Projection, Displacement are all forms of _____.
Repression
Internal Locus of Control:
we control our own fate, not outside forces
Big 5 Personality Factors:
- Openess
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Narcissistics
- focus on power
- etilogy–overcompensation, parents were too positive
- treatment: focus on opinion of others, challenge them
- example: Charlie Sheen “borrow my brain you can’t handle it” “bi-winning”
Counterconditioning
- uses classical conditions to evoke new sponse to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behavior
- exposure and unwanted behavior
Norepinephrine increases arousal and boots mood. T or F?
True
Symptoms of Schizophrenia:
Positive Symptoms (Additive)
- hallucinations
- language cognitive impairments
- bizarre behaviors
- delusions
- circumstantial speech (ex: laughing if being torutured)
Negative Symptoms (Subtractive)
- 4 A’s
- Alogia (lack/absense of speech)..ex: yes. no.
- Avolition (lack of motivation)
- Anhedonia (lack of enjoyment of activities person used to love)
- Affect Blunted (little emotion in face)
- Affect Flat (no emotion in face)
Maslow
- researched drives in animals
- hierarchy of needs
- certain needs need priority over others
“Can I have $5? Thanks, actually can I have $10?”
This example is what concept?
Foot-in-the-Door
Free Association
say whatever came to mind regardless of how embarrassing or trivial
Some phobias examples:
- heights
- dogs
- spiders
- needles
Antisocial personality disorder accounts for about 1/2 of all serial killers/rapists. T or F?
True
Ego
- conscious self
- where we need to be
- reality principle
- delaying gratifiication
- balances id and superego
Delusions
strong beliefs that are not real
Effective Psychotherapy styles have in common?
hope, new persepctive on life, relationship b/t therapist and client (therapudic alliancr) empathy, trust, caring environment
Regression
retreating to earlier stage of development
example: biting nails, sucking thumb
Phases of Schizophrenia:
- Prodromal (little forms of schizo)
- Active (usually depression “activates” it)
- Residual (“beat” schizophrenia)
Psychoanalysis
Personality that attributes to thoughts and actions to unconscious :motives & conflicts
How to avoid bystander effect:
Don’t assume someone else will help
Aversive Conditioning:
helps you learn what you should not do
Phobias are learned _____.
behaviors
The mind is mostly ______.
Hidden
Major Depressive Disorder
- often a response to past & current loss
- inactive, unmotivated
- lasts 2 or more weeks
- significant weight loss/gain
- agitation
- recurrent death thoughts
The manual of mental disorders:
DSM-V
Personality Testing:
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
- measures traits and unconscious conflicts
- most widely used
- over 500 t or f questions
- always need a rationale for the test
Conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking towards a group or standard
Schizoaffective disorder
Psychosis
Schizophrenia
Bipolar
Psychological Disorder:
significant dysfuction to an individual’s cognition, emotion, behavior
maladaptive
1/2 population
Obessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- person is troubled by unwanted, repetitive thoughts/actions
- compulsive behaviors are responses to those thoughts
- more common among teens and young adults
- obessisions: thoughts, ideas, impulses, images that invade consciousness
- compulsions: behaviors, riutuals done to mange that anxiety take back control
People are more likely to help others in need when the victim is a woman, the person is in a good mood, they feel guilty, or if they are in a small town. T or F?
True
Self
organizer of thoughts, feelings, actions
Diagnosis for disorders:
collect all info about person
it is idiographic
multiple symptoms are highly correlated (syndrome)
Another word of saying major depressive disorder:
Depression
We assess the unconscious by tricking the “ego” to letting us in
True or false?
True
Openness:
flexibility, variety, nonconformist
ID
- basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress
- seeks immediate gratification
- unconscious psychic energy
Rationalization
offering explanation for actions
example: I would have won if the track wasn’t wet
Talk therapy can change brain chemistry. T or F?
True
Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs)
- manual for treatment
- broadly anxiety disorders respond best to CBT
- depression responds best to CBT requires a lot of cognitive help
Conscientiousness
- self-discipline
- careful pursuit of delayed goals
Who came up with self concept (who am I?)
Carl Rogers
Main technique that behavior therapists use:
Counterconditioning
Bipolar, schizophrenia, severe depression, severe anxiety responds best to:
psychopharmacology
Collectivism
giving priority to a group’s goals instead of own
Fixation
lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier stage where conflicts were not resolved
Ways to reduce tension of cognitive dissonance:
change actions, justify/hide actions, change beliefs
Panic Disorder
- person experiences episodes of intense dread (panic attack)
- irregular heartbear, chest pains, shortness of breath, dizziness
- cognitive beliefs: “ I am going to die” “I am going to have a heart attack”
What is it called where children have sexual feelings toward opposite sex parents?
Oedipus & Electra Complexes
Who came up with reciprocal determinism
Bandura
- personality, thoughts, and social environment all influence one another
What are the psychosexual stages?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
(OAPLG)
Reaction Formation
switch unacceptable impulses into the opposite
example: being really happy, smiling a lot when I am actually sad
Genes do not account for traits. True or false?
False; they account for about 50%
Another word for Anti-Social Personality Disorder
Sociopath, Psychopath
A person with one disorder is less likely to have more than one. T or F?
False
Characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel or act
trait
Traits and main advocate”
Advocate: Allport
characteristic pattern of behavior or disposition to feel or act
Allport is concerned less with explaining traits, versus describing them
peer reports, self inventories
traits are mostly stable over time
