Exam 3 Flashcards
Patriarchy
A system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line
Hegemonic masculinity
The condition in which men are dominant and privileged, and this dominance and privilege is invisible, A type of complete dominance of a group of people that it goes unnoticed by the people who are dominated
How did females become a minority group?
Through the establishment of patriarchy (human reproduction, hand to hand combat, continuing dominance)
Feminism
A consciousness raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life
First wave
Right to vote; 19th amendment, also dealing with property rights
Second wave
Focusing on equality and anti-discrimination, equal pay in the workplace
Third wave
Focus of problems of women in least industrialized nations; challenge gender roles and sexuality. A period of political activism that sought to expand civil rights and social equality for women
Fourth wave
A feminist movement that began around 2012 and is characterized by a focus on the empowerment of women, the use of internet tools, and intersectionality. The fourth wave seeks greater gender equality by focusing on gendered norms and the marginalization of women in society
Women’s suffrage
the right of women to vote in elections
Anti-suffragists
Argued that most women did not want the vote
“The feminine mystique”
in which she explicitly objected to the mainstream media image of women, stating that placing women at home limited their possibilities, and wasted talent and potential, The book identified the systemic sexism that conditioned women to believe their place was in the home and gave women permission to be angry at a world that suppressed their creative and intellectual freedom
The third wave (S)
Influenced by the postmodernist movement in the academy, third wave feminist sought to question, reclaim, and redefine the ideas, words, and media that have transmitted ideas about women hood, gender beauty, sexuality, femininity, and masculinity, among other things
Fourth-wave feminism (S)
The rise of fourth-wave feminism parallels the rise of social media platforms such as Twitter, created in 2006
Who is closely related to the psychoanalytic theory?
Sigmund Freud
The Psychoanalytic Theory
the personality theory, which is based on the notion that an individual gets motivated more by unseen forces that are controlled by the conscious and the rational thought
Sigmund Freud opinion on gender
says girls and boys develop masculine and feminine personality structures through early interactions with their parents
Nancy Chodorow
Mothering by women is reproduced in a cycle of role socialization, in which little girls learn to identify as mothers and little boys as fathers
Narcissistic object attachment (associated with which sociologist)
Chodorow argues that mothers experience their daughters as their “doubles”
Parson’s sex role theory (associated with which main three theory group)
Men and women perform their sex roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers, respectively, because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies fulfilling the function of reproducing workers (functionalists)
The social construction of sexuality
refers to the way in which socially created definitions a bit the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior shape the way people see and experience sexuality
Race
A group of people who share a set of characteristics - typically but not always, physical ones - and are said to share a common bloodline
Ontological equality
The philosophical and religious notion that all people are created equal
Ethnicity
The shared social, cultural, and historical experiences, stemming from common national or regional backgrounds, that make subgroups of a population different from one another
Symbolic ethnicity
A nationality; not in the sense of carrying the rights and duties of citizenship but of identifying with a past or future identity
How is race and ethnicity ascribed?
Race is ascribed to an individuals on the basis of physical traits, ethnicity is more frequently chosen by the individual
Prejudice
An attitude, a set of negative attitudes, beliefs, and judgements about whole categories of people, and about individual members of those categories because of their perceived race and/or ethnicity
Racism
The belief that a race is inferior to another
Eugenics
Controlling the fertility of population could influence inheritable traits passed on from generation to generation, a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of the human population
Minority group
People who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
Dominant group
The group with the most power, greatest privileges and higher social status
Individual discrimination
people practice in their daily lives, usually because they are prejudiced but sometimes even if they are not prejudiced
Institutional racism
Racial discrimination by governments, corporations religions, or educational institutions or other large organization with the power to influence the lives of many individuals
Racial profiling
A type of systematic racism that involves the singling out of racial minorities for differential treatment, usually harsher treatment
Authoritarian personality
Develop in childhood in response to parents who practice harsh discipline, people who are prejudiced and rank high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissiveness to superiors, Individuals with authoritarian personalities emphasize suing things as obedience to authority, a rigid adherence to rules, and low acceptance of people (out-groups) not like yourself
Essentialism (associated with who?)
It presumes an individual’s identity depends on fundamental and innate characteristics that are deep-seated, inherited, unchangeable (Max Weber)
Social constructivist perspective
Race is a social phenomenon created b y humans and shapes by social forces, present in the time and place of its creation
Constructivist view
Racial categories are social creations, not biological facts - can be contrasted with the essentialist view of race
Essentialist view
Enduring differences between races are rooted in biological sources and do not change from one generation to the next
Scapegoat theory
Individuals with various problems become frustrated and tend to blame their troubles on groups that are often disliked in the real world, These minorities are thus scapegoats for the real sources of people’s misfortune
Social learning theory
Conformity and socialization, people who are prejudiced are merely conforming to the culture in which they grow up, and prejudice is the result of socialization from parents, peers, the news media, and other various aspects of their culture
Group threat theory
Emphasize economic and political competition, prejudice arises from competition over jobs and other resources and from disagreement over various political issues, groups often become hostile with one another
Culture theory
Prejudice is part of a culture’s norms, or rules, and that prejudice is transmitted through culture
Racial formation theory
Assert that differing “racial projects” that seek to define race and racial categories are engaged in constant competition to give the dominant meaning of race, Race has been and continues to be politically contested social construct, upon which is granted access to rights, resources, and power
Systemic racism theory (associated with who?)
Rooted in historical documentation, asserts that racism was built into the very foundation of U.S society and that it now exists within every aspect of society (Feigen)
Intersectionality theory
People are often disadvantaged by multiple sources of oppression: their race, class, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion, and other identity markers
Assimilation
To adopt a culture
New right
Functionalist
Post Modern
Conflict (perfect themselves)
Personal life
Symbolic (Marriage meaning for an individual)
Sandwich generation
Take care of parents and kids
Social exchange theory
Describes courtship and marriage as forms of negotiation
Empty nest
Parents adjusting to an empty home with no kids
Boomerang kids
Kids who leave and return home (normally after college)
Structural diversity theory
Family are socially constructed and historically changing, family diversity is produced by the same organization of society as a whole
Self-fulfilling stereotypes
Racial and ethnic stereotypes can become self-fulfilling prophecies if members of disadvantaged groups are discouraged from setting ambitious goals because of other people’s low expectations.
Intergroup relations theory
refers tointeractions between individuals in different social groups, and to interactions taking place between the groups themselves collectively.
Compartmentalize
to separate acts from feelings or attitudes, separating thoughts that will conflict with one another
Population Transfer
the forced transfer of a minority group. Moves a minority group to a remote location or forces them to leave the territory controlled by the majority
Ethnic cleansing
the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial, and religious groups from a given area, with the intent of making a region ethnically homogeneous, the attempt to create ethnicallyhomogeneousgeographic areas through thedeportationor forcible displacement of persons belonging to particular ethnic groups
Internal Colonialism
the policy of exploiting minority groups for economic gain
Pluralism
the presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society; a policy that permits or encourages ethnic differences
Expulsion
refers to a subordinate group being forced, by a dominant group, to leave a certain area or country, often occurred historically with an ethnic or racial basis
Stereotypes
oversimplified generalizations about groups of people. Stereotypes can be based on race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation—almost any characteristic
Ethnic Work
Work-activities designed to discover, enhance, maintain, or transmit an ethnic or racial identity. The way we construct our ethnicity, refers to activities to discover, enhance, or maintainethnicand racial identification
Amalgamation
Amalgamation-Process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group, which each culture retains its individuality, the “melting pot” ideal sees the combination of cultures that results in a new culture entirely
Marriage
Marriage-a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity and childbearing
Afamily of orientation
the family into which a person is born
Afamily of procreation
describes one that is formed through marriage. These distinctions have cultural significance related to issues of lineage
Endogamy
marriage between people of the same social category
Exogamy
marriage between people of different social categories
Feminist perspective on marriage
They argued that marriage was the construct of thepatriarchal systemand that the marriage contract in reality was awork contract
How do men exploit their wives? (2)
Labor and body
Cult of domesticity
abeliefas insociology of familythat individual life is most fulfilling when experienced in a private household where women are chief homemakers and caregivers, defines women as responsible for the moral and everyday affairs of the home
