Exam 3 Flashcards
sensitive periods
optimal period for experiences for normal development
critical period
period where experiences MUST occur for normal development
assimilation
new experiences into existing schemas
accomodation
new experiences change schemas
sensorimotor stage
- object permanence
- understanding sensory and physical interactions
preoperational stage
- conservation
- thinking symbolically
- pretend play
concrete operational stage
basic mental operations
formal operational stage
- logic
- complex thinking (hypotheses, etc)
stranger anxiety
distress from unfamiliar people
separation anxiety
distress from being away from primary care giver
Harlow Monkey Study
- monkeys isolated and unsocialized
- wire vs cloth mother
- cloth > wire mother
Ainsworth Strange Situation Task
a procedure devised by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s to observe attachment in children, that is relationships between a caregiver and child.
indiscriminate attachment
form attachment with available support
discriminate attachment
strong attachment to one person
specific attachment
baby attaches to certain people for support
secure attachment
high regard for self + others
fearful attachment
low regard for self + others
preoccupied attachment
low regard for self + high regard for others
dismissive attachment
high regard for self + low regard for others
trust vs mistrust
consistent care?
autonomy vs shame/doubt
independence?
initiative vs guilt
curiousity
industry vs inferiority
me vs my peers
identity vs confusion
who am i?
intimacy vs isolation
my relationships?
generativity vs self-absorption
what do i contribute?
integrity vs despair
do i have regrets? do i have a good life?
authoritarian
cold + strict
authoritative
warm + strict
indulgent
warm + permissive
neglectful
cold + permissive
identity diffusion
role confusion
identity foreclosure
conform identity without search
identity moratorium
active search for identity
identity achievement
found role/identity
ego
reality principle
conscious
superego
moral principle
unconscious
id
pleasure principle
unconscious
repression
motivated forgetting
denial
refusal to acknowledge
displacement
impulses repressed and then put onto a more acceptable target
intelluctualization
removing emotional components to make a intellectual understanding
projection
disguising impulses by attributing them to others
rationaliziation
false excuse to ease anxiety
reaction formation
unconsciously switch impulses into their opposites; engage in exaggerated behavior
sublimation
taboo impulses channeled into socially acceptable behavior
oral stage
- satisfaction from eating/sucking
- fixation lead to self-indulgence/ dependency
anal stage
- pleasure focused on elimination of body wastes
- fixation lead to messy, negative, dominant adults
phallic stage
- pleasure derived from sexual organs
- fixation lead to oedpius complex
latency stage
sexuality dormant
genital stage
erotic impulses expressed in sexual relationships
criteria for abnormality
distress
- judgments of abnormality most likely when distress is disproportionately acute or long-lasting
dysfunctionality
- either for individual or for society
deviance
- from cultural norm
Historical Explanations of abnormal behaviors
- demonic possession
- physical diseases
- products of psychological conflicts
- learned maladaptive behaviors
- distorted perceptions of the world
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- chronic state of diffuse, “free-floating” anxiety
- anxiety not attached to specific objects or situations
Panic Disorder
- panic occurs suddenly and unpredictably
- much more intense than typical anxiety
OCD
obsessions
- repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses
compulsions
- repetitive behavioral responses
PTSD
- severe anxiety disorder
- can occur in people exposed to extreme trauma
Social Phobia
fear of situations in which evaluation might occur
Agoraphobia
fear of open and public spaces from which escape would be difficult
Phobia
strong and irrational fears of certain objects or situations
Specific Phobias
fear of specific objects such as animals or situations
DID
two or more separate personalities coexist in the same person
Somatoform Disorders
- involve physical complaints that suggest a medical problem
- but no biological cause
Muchausen’s by proxy
a form of abuse where a caregiver, typically a parent, fabricates or induces illness in another person, often a child, in order to gain attention or sympathy for themselves.
malingering
fake injury/illness for personal gain/profit
cognitive symptoms of depression
- difficulty concentration & making decisions
- low self-esteem
- feelings of inferiority
- blame selves for failures
- pessimism and hopelessness
motivational symptoms of depression
- inability to get started on task
- inability to perform behaviors leading to pleasure or accomplishment
schizophrenia
- misinterpretation of reality
- disordered attention, thought, perception
- withdrawl from social activities
paranoid schizophrenia
delusions of persecution and higher purpose
disorganized schizophrenia
- confusion & incoherence
- severe deterioration of adaptive behavior
catatonic schizophrenia
motor disturbances from muscular rigidity to random or repetitive movements
undifferentiated schizophrenia
do not show enough specific criteria to be classified as paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic
