Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pluralism?

A

Not being corporated in decision making.
Pressure &bargaining through strikes & threats of economic sanctions.
Described more as conflict rather than a consensus system

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2
Q

What is corporatism?

A

Being incorporated into the decision making
Ex: Austria, Norway, Sweden

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3
Q

What does Sweden have (corporate or pluralism)?

A

Coexistence of corporatism with a strong parliament

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4
Q

What is Brian (pluralism or corporatism)?

A

Trade unions have free collective bargaining through the “ right to strike”
No integration of unions & management into politics & even less so since 1979

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5
Q

What is federalism?

A

Existence of central govt
Sovereignty is divided & shares between central govt & member states

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6
Q

What is the notion of constitutional entrenchment?

A

Equality between substrates

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7
Q

What are examples of federation countries?

A

Germany, Austria, Switzerland

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8
Q

What are examples of unitary countries?

A

Great Britain and spain

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9
Q

What is confederalism?

A

A system where the units rather than the central authority function as the decisive force.
Institutional diplomacy instead of federal govt

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10
Q

What is Switzerland power of cantons?

A

Administration of welfare state
Setting local taxes
Constitutional auto only
Any feature power is 1st given to the cantons

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11
Q

What is the lower house?

A

National council

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What is the upper house?

A

Council of state

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14
Q

What is Germany regional Automomies?

A

Importance of notion state in early 1900
Development in the 1960s for stateless nations & resulting minority nationalism
➡️change in understanding of concept of democracy
➡️Declining importance of class politics, rise of post-material issues

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15
Q

What is Bundestag?

A

Parliament

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16
Q

What is Bundestag?

A

Upperhouse

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17
Q

Why is the UK not federal country?

A

Existence of central govt
Sovereignty is divided & shared between central
Notion of constitutional entrenchment
Equality between substates
NO cpnstitutional entrenchment
NO equality between substates

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18
Q

What are the major regions in UK?

A

Northern Ireland, Scotland, wales

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19
Q

What is happening in northern Ireland?

A

Disputes between protestant “unionists” vs Catholic “nationalist”.
Irish Republican Army’s terrorist attack
1998 Good Friday agreement violence has great extent disappeared

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20
Q

What is the good Friday agreement?

A

Acknowledging both fractions as legitimate.
Will of people will be respected
N. Ireland assembly established that is responsible of issues like edu, healthcare, social services,etc

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21
Q

What is going on in Wales?

A

Weak powers, no law making powers until 2011 referendum
Voted in favor of Welsh assembly to make laws in 20 subject areas
(Edu, healthcare, economic)
Result respected by UK

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22
Q

What is the Scottish nationalism?

A

Responsible for law making.
Reserved matters for UK parliament such as constitutional changes, international relations, &defense, currency,etc

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23
Q

Where did the idea for referendum come from?

A

2011 election results
Scottish national party

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24
Q

What was the outcome of referendum?

A

Iposos Mori: yes 49% no 51%
YouGov: yes 48% no 52%

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25
What was the result of the referendum (Scottish)?
They voted no. EU wasn't say if they will be welcomed in open arms if they become independent Uncertainty in passport, EU, currency NATO Scott's wanted to leave but not majority
26
What happend since the referendum outcome?
Brexit & Scottish independence Feb2023: resignation of Nicola Sturgeon. March 2023: 3 candidate election through party membership vote.Humzq yousaf elected leader
27
Why is Spain not a federal country?
They have existence of central govt Sovereignty is divided & shared between central govt & member states The notion of constitutional entrenchment Does NOT have equality between substates
28
What is Spain ?
Differentiated or asymmetric federalism Basque, Catalonia, Valencia have considerably more power than other regions
29
What is happening with Basque?
It's nationalism & ETA 2010 cease fire 2011 permanent cease fire 2014 Feb: ETA handed over weapons & bombs
30
What is happening with Catalonia?
Considered nationalism. Economically strongest region Integrated well w/ rest of Europe
31
Why would Catalonia want to separate?
Independence movement have been existence since 1920 but gained popular support over the past 10-20 yrs 2014 Nov: non binding referendum
32
What happened ahead of the Catalonia elections?
Pro independence parties said to hold a referendum Was approved by Catalonia parliament (2016) Spanish constitution doesn't allow it, and SC declared vote illegal
33
What has happened since the Catalonia referendum?
Catalonia parliament not allowed to meet Article 155: Spanish constitution allow Spanish govt to take over everything. Catalonia govt was dismissed &direct rule. Pro independence parties gained the control of parliament once again but w/ small majority
34
Where are we (Catalonia)?
2012: start process toward independence Unofficial referendum claim more than 90% support independence
35
What is happening in Belgium?
Walloon= French speaking in south Flemish= dutch speaking in north Brussel (Capital) in north but mainly speak French
36
What holds the Belgium together?
Taxation Monarchy Location of Brussels in Dutch parts Sports
37
What happened in 2010 in Belgium?
Election gave huge power to separatists & no coalition was able to form for almost 2 yrs Formed after tough negotiation N-Va gained plurality of seats
38
What is the France and Corsica issue?
France knows giving Corsica more autonomy will not be w/out consequences France on tight rope. Will go back to commitment on autonomy & risk escalating the situation or adhere to it's promise & risk future of French nation
39
What is separatism?
Commonalities of most of these separatists movement Economic power reasons
40
What are the consequences of independence for the separating region vs the country they separate from?
Unknown that come into play will bring more issues They will break the EU legitimize & can cause unforseen problems Myths of still being rich once out is not certain
41
Why would some do separatism?
Might feel like the govt isnt doing enough so they want independence Culture & language barriers then of course they would want to be independent Some don't want independence but just more autonomy
42
What is local government?
Basic level of local govt: municipality Provinces between municipality & central govt Difference between previous cases of regional Automomies vs unitary states
43
What are the roles of local govt?
Local autonomy varies depending on how much money they can raise & whether there are direct elections. Role: Land use planning, environmental control Certain local services like garbage collection, fire protection, police local transportation The school system, personal healthcare, public housing
44
What is the EU?
27 member states 446 mil combined pop of EU Member States 24 official languages
45
What is international orgs?
Bodies that promote voluntary cooperation & coordination between or among their members. Does NOT have Automomies power nor authority to impose their ruling on their members (Intergov org & international nongovt org)
46
What is international nongovt org?
Individuals or private orgs rather than states, govt, more interest groups to share & do research
47
What is intergovernmental org?
Can negotiate share information on voluntary basis
48
Is EU a Regional integration org?
Yes. Involves some loss of sovereignty Have evolved over so many issues areas it not just corporation issue things.
49
What are features of a federal policy in EU?
Equal powers among countries Decision making power is divided between the EU & the component states Directly elected European Parliament A common budget A common executive body A president/ foreign secretary A common currency
50
What is limitations in federal policy in EU?
Sovereignty limited No constitutional entrenchment Military power is controlled by individual nations
51
What is confederalism?
System where the units rather than the central authority functions as the decisive force Institutional diplomacy instead of federal govt
52
What are features of EU as Confederal system?
Member states are sovereign & independent No EU govt per SE Only European Parliament is directly elected Everything else indirectly represented by national govt or people selected by them EU flag & anthem but people feel alliance w/ own flag and anthem Military & foreign relations are controlled by central govt. EU does NOT control any of that
53
What is functionalism?
Moves from self interest to concerns about common interest Integration grew out of non political pressures to cooperate
54
What did Haas recognize in 1958?
Functional integration was taking place in Europe but functionalism as a theory had failed to explain why decision makers chose to integrate in some areas & not others
55
What is neo functionalism?
Taking functionalism perspective on integration further. Importance of non state actors & supernatural interest groups & their socialization
56
What is the spill over process?
Lindberg: given action related to specific goal, creates a situation in which original goal can be assured only by taking further actions which turn create further condition & need for more action
57
What is the stages in regional integration?
1)2 or more states create free trade among themselves 2) growth of internal free trade leads to adoption of common external tariff 3) reduction in internal trading expands size of market so sectors want to expand their operations throughout custom union 4)people move freely, pressure grows for coordinated policies on more national issues like edu, healthcare, 5) demands of economic integration lead to growing political integration
58
What are the critiques of neo functionalism?
Slow progress of political integration Argument of possible spill back ( reaction against integration measures resulting in setbacks) Arguments about elite socialization being wrong. (National interest is still important)
59
What are the waves?
Revival of neo functionalism Result of important developments towards a more integrated Europe Criticism in 2000&2010s w/ rise of anti EU parties/ sentiment & Brexit
60
What is intergovermentalism?
Reaction to federalist & neo functionalism theories Integration functions as 0 sum game Cost & benefits associated w/ integration & only if benefits surpass costs, countries decided to "cooperate"
61
What is a critique to intergovermentalism?
Too simple
62
What is intergovermentalism today?
Incorporating realists & liberalism theories Moravcsik leading figure Assumption of rational state behavior " Both demand for cooperation...& Supply of integration are important in understanding European integration.
63
What are critiques to intergovermentalism today?
Explains historic decisions but not much of day to day routine decisions Underestimates roles of key policy makers
64
Where does the EU stand at the intergovernmental?
In major areas decisions are still at national level done by the states acting individually in their self interest. All major decisions on general direction & priorities of EU happens at European Council.
65
Where does the EU stand in supranational (neo functionalism)?
Commission (govt of EU) decides on EU policy agenda Influence the European Parliament on decision making is increasing. Many EU decisions & regulations supersede national law
66
What is overall criticism for the old theories?
Fail to explain what happens in EU, especially with day to day business Too restricted with IR theory
67
What is social constructivism theory?
Interest are socially constructed rather than pre given Human interactions & socialization create institutions & structures Social construction, identities, rules and norms are important in shaping EU Focus on development of European ID through internalization of norms & help of discourse.
68
Why is there European integration?
Reconstruct German economy but at same time contain it's power European economic reconstruct Economic alliance & interdependence to ensure peace Threat of Soviet domination
69
What was the European Coal & steel community (ECSC)?
6 founding States decided to share & co manage coal & steel Decided to share & co manage other policy area & build economy union Created European Economic Community (EEC)
70
What happened during 1960,70,90 w/ ECSC?
Countries trying to integrate further to fight against economic crisis and political enemies, but not willing to give up sovereignty.
71
What was the treaty of Maastricht?
Established the European union
72
What are some important developments?
1985: Schengen agreement 1997: Amsterdam treaty ( incorporated Schengen into EU) Jan 31 2020: brexit Today: EU responsible for many issues, policy areas ranging agriculture, environment, economic, immigration, ECT Issue areas where EU has policy decision making sovereignty/ responsibility. EU law comes first
73
What happened in 1957 with the EU?
Expansion from the founding members. Germany, Italy, Luxemburg, France, netherlands
74
Did Churchill support integration?
Yes but was concerned about too much federalist powers of EC
75
Why did Britain stay out of the EC in 1950?
Less effected from WW2 Stronger relationship w/ common wealth countries & US Little production of coal& steel New labour govt nationalized the coal & steel industry & did not want to share sovereignty Concern about losing sovereignty
76
Britain applied for membership in 1961, why?
Economic & political isolation Europe was doing well
77
What is the accession process for Britain?
Application rejected by French president De Gaulle Second app, but De Gaulle again reserved the judgement De Gaulle resignation, entry negotiation begin in June 1970& ended in 1971
78
What happend to other applicants?
Norway: narrow majority voted against enlargement Denmark: voted yes 1973- EC became 9 member org (Denmark, Ireland, UK) 1981- Greece 1986- Portugal and Spain
79
What are the conditions for membership?
Called treaty of European union Any European state respect the principles set out in Article 6 may apply to become member of Union
80
What is article 6 TEU?
Union founded on principles of liberty democracy respect for human rights & fundamental freedoms & rule of law principles which are common to member states Shall respect fundamental rights Shall respect national ID of member states
81
What is the road to accession?
The Copenhagen criteria
82
What was the Copenhagen criteria?
Democracy rule of law human rights respect and protection of minorities Functioning market economy Adherence to aim of political economic & monetary union
83
What are the steps to fill membership?
Apply Satisfied TEU conditions & Copenhagen Criteria- candidate status can be granted Accession negotiations start Complete various chapters- Approval of commission needed to open & close each chapter accession treaty must be approved unanimously in council, approve w/ European Parliament consent, all members parliament and candidate country must ratify
84
Who joined in 1995
Austria Finland sweden
85
Who joined in 2004
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta Poland Slovakia slovenia
86
What was the 2nd wave of the 4th enlargement wave?
Bulgarian& Romania joined EU
87
What were some issues from the 2nd wave of the 4th enlargement?
Amnesty international report Widespread fraud, corruption, organized crime Weak economies
88
What was the expansion potential gains for existing EU countries?
Export potential Foreign investment More diverse European labor market Extension of the zone of peace, stability and prosperity
89
What are the concerns of EU membership countries?
Extra budgetary cost for EU Social concerns from increased labor migration Concerns about organized crime & illegal immigration from Russia, Belarus & Ukraine & from Middle East through weak eastern borders Weak democracies & economies
90
Why was referendum called (Brexit)?
Cameron's official call for in out referendum
91
What is the national situation (brexit)?
Conservative liberal democrat coalition govt Polls in 2012 Division w/ in party
92
What was the campaign for brexit?
Stay campaign: Cameron labour party SNP, LibDem Leave campaign: former London mayor, conservative politician Boris Johnson, UKIO
93
What was the result of the referendum?
All polls were close w/ slight advantage to remain
94
Why did people vote for leave?
Opportunity to stick it to political establishment Immigration & rise of anti immigration sentiment Winner & losers of globalization
95
What is the exit procedure?
Referendum was only advisory Article 50: Member state may decide to leave accordance w/ it's own constitutional requirements Member States shall negotiate and come to agreement w/ state Conclude on behalf of the union after obtaining consent
96
What happened after May hard exit in 2017?
W/drawl from single market & replacing it w/ comprehensive free trade agreement New customs agreement End of free movement of people End to European court of justice jurisdiction Continued cooperation in crime & terrorism collaboration in areas of science & technology, preserving existing worker rights March 2017: article 50 triggered set the clock to leave EU
97
What is snap election?
An early election.
98
Why did Theresa May call for a snap election?
To get the majority while she was ahead but she lost
99
What happened after the election?
Dec2019: w/ parliamentary majority the w/ drawl agreement passed UK left the EU on Jan 31 2020 & entered on an 11 month transition
100
What was the transition period for UK like?
UK effectively remains in EU customs union & single market & obey to EU rules No longer part of political institutions Negotiating trade deal if they can leave everything & have a trade deal if can't agree export tariffs on UK products Dec24 2020: both parties announced deal had been reached
101
What is the northern Ireland protocol & Windsor framework?
Goods are checked at ports in N. Ireland on arrival They can be removed into Republic of Ireland once checked UK plane: goods split in 2 lines Goods split into green lane and not checked Goods destined for Iceland & EU go to Red lane & checked to be carried out
102
What are the European institutions?
European council Executive commission Legislation council of ministers & European Parliament
103
What is the council of ministers?
Co legislation w/ the European Parliament. Similar to US Senate -champion of national interest -national govt ministers -has different council of ministers depending on issue
104
What is the councils in the council of ministers?
10 different configuration Each deals w/ different functional area Each composed of relevant ministers from member states Pres. Of each council is minister of that specific configuration Irregular meeting means 3 configurations
105
What are configurations?
General affairs Foreign affairs Economic & financial affairs (Environment, transportation, agriculture, edu, employment,etc)
106
What is the European commissions?
Pres. & 26 commissioners from each member state working on various issues -takes oath -each has portfolio from president -combination of executive &legislative (Power of initiation of laws, implementation of laws,& manage EU finances)
107
What are the 2 councils in EU?
Council of ministers European council -assembly of EU member head of government -responsible for providing direction& determining priorities
108
What are the roles over in the European council?
Evolution of the EU Constitutional & institutional matters Economic & monetary policies of the EU Enlargements Specific internal policy issues
109
What is the president of the EU?
Country changes hands every 6 month. Exact roles not defined Nominated by European council, appointed by European Parliament. Similar to PM of EU
110
What is the European court of justice?
Similar to US Supreme Court but... -US SC bases rulings on judicial review -eu has no constitution -ECJ bases ruling in existing treaties & laws -not life time (6yr term)
111
What are the ECJ powers?
Ruling on the constitutionality of all EU law Ruling on conformity w/ treaties Giving rulings to national courts Ruling in disputes involving EU institution, member states, individuals, operations
112
What is the European Parliament?
Similar to legislator of EU -directly elected - system of committees -hand in adopting new European law BUT.... Can't introduce proposals of new law Can't pass laws alone Can't raise revenues It's a co legislature w/ council ONLY ELECTED INTERNATIONAL ASSMEBLY IN THE WORLD!
113
How does the European Parliament work?
Power of legislation, budget, & over the other institutions
114
What is the European elections?
Direct elections Once every 5 yrs, may or may not coincide w/national elections Usually separate campaigns
115
What is the structure MEPs?
Before they were elected member of national parliament Power work grew, weakening of link& greater independence & credibility of MEPs Usually runs w/party in home campaign Once elected run independently 8k euros Granted privileges& immunity Mostly white, men& women of urban background Candidates improved as increasing power of EP Once elected join MEPs from other parties Necessary & elected candidate qualities differ between countries
116
What are the 2 European election theories?
Second order model European matters model
117
What is second order model?
EP election, regional local elections, elections for the ceremonial head of state (president).
118
What is the empirical evidence for second order?
Lower turnout at the European elections
119
What is the evidence for second order model?
Lower turnout at European elections Larger parties will do worse- smaller parties will do better -(voting w heart rather than w head. National governing parties will suffer losses) They will suffer losses in orderly fashion
120
What is the alternative model?
People evaluate: EU performance in their vote choices Anita EU movements are gaining votes Single issues parties w EU focus are doing better in EU election compared to national elections Failing turnout goes hand in hand w declining support if European integration
121
What is the observational equivalence problem?
Level of vote switching may indicate either a second order effect or European effect
122
Government parties lose but is it bc of national or European reasons?
Usually national reasons
123
What was the conclusion of His & marsh ( second order model and Europe matter model)?
Large parties lose Large governing parties lose Anti EU parties perform better Green parties also perform better European elections not strictly second order elections BUT they are not European election either
124
What is democratic deficit?
Increase executive power & decreased national parliamentary control No European election Policy drift Reaching decisions w out always referring to their elections Council of ministers & permanent representatives in Brussels are secretive ECJ- no direct say in appointments to the court European Parliament is too weak
125
What are the critics on these theories?
EU policy making should be isolated from standard process of democratic politics Problem is less democratic deficit than a credibility crisis or legitimacy deficit
126
What is the solution to the critics on these theories?
Procedural rather than fundamental More transparent decision making
127
Why do we need competitive elections?
Guarantee that policies & elected officials respond to the preferences of citizens Essential vehicle for fostering political debate which in turn helps the formation of public opinion Elections have powerful formative effect, promoting the gradual evolution of political identities
128
What is the history of immigration?
Immigration from colonies Guest workers (gast arbiter) Post Schengen era
129
What is guest worker
Migrant workers come to Europe& especially to West Germany Later to Netherlands, Austria on mutual agreements
130
Why did guest work program start?
Need for economic reconstruction Lack of workers that would work for less
131
What is the Schengen agreement?
Signed by 5 of the 10 EU members states Ireland and UK opted out Became part of EU law w Amsterdam treaty Bulgarian Romania and Cyprus are not part of agreement given their problematic status w their borders & corruption
132
What is the Arab spring?
Massive refuge flow Italy gave them temporary residence permits France & Denmark closed their borders 2 reforms: new EU based on Schengen evaluation Adopting common rules for temporary re imposition of checks at internal borders in exceptional cases
133
What has happened since 2016?
Agreement w Turkey Extra budget to take care of refugees in EU countries & non EU countries Increase capacity to carry out search & rescue operations in the Mediterranean New border& coast guard
134
What is integration
Process by which immigrants become accepted into society both as individuals and as groups
135
What is assimilation
Process of adapting the language and culture of a dominant social group or nation or the state of being socially integrated into the culture
136
What is multiculturalism?
Managing the consequences of cultural diversity in the interest of the individual & society as a whole
137
What is multiculturalism is Europe?
Multiculturalism in Germany failed due to guest workers Followed by David Cameron in Britain a few weeks later by Sarkozy in France a few months later
138
What is the solution to integration?
Practice in the Netherlands and beyond New policies in Netherlands in 2000 2010 Creation of civic integration programs including compulsory Dutch language Already settled immigrants have oral & written fluency Immigrants responsible to pay these language courses Foreigners must pass civic integration courses Etc
139
What happened with cold war?
Led to quite successful integration project to fight common enemy
140
What happened after cold war?
Protecting and projecting liberal democratic values - democratic peace theory Move away from military power & extensive defense Focus on societal stability & good political structures
141
What is the European security and defense policy?
Maastricht treaty Safe guard common values fundamental interest independence integrity Strengthen security of union Pressure peace and international security Promote international cooperation Develop & consolidate democracy & rule of law
142
What is the weakness of the European security and defense?
Union must have capacity for autonomous action Readiness to respond international crisis w out prejudice action by NATO.
143
What is bilateral agreement?
Bilateral agreement between Britain and France in 1998 help make progress in discussion on common European security & defense policy
144
What is the division of Europe?
States w extensive relations outside EU State less extensive external relations & which tend to work through EU States w less extensive external organizations such as UN NATO
145
What is the Iraq war?
Germany side increasingly regards American position to attempt to weaken EU German newspaper saying US using Iraq to weaken European foreign and security policy
146
What is going on with Libya?
Extraordinary European council organized and led to rejection of military intervention Showed reluctance to join. NATO operated in Libya and once Gaddafi died operation ended
147
What is happened in Syria?
EU force draft Association agreement had been negotiated w Syria & suspended bilateral cooperation programs between EU & Syrian govt
148
What happened in 2013 in Syria?
Sanctions - prohibition on impact of arms & related material from Syria - important ban of oil & petroleum products -hand investment in Syria oil industry in companies engaged in construction of new power plants for electricity Syrian Bank w in EU frozen & prohibited to make funds or economic resources available Cargo flights carriers & all flights may not have access to EU airports
149
What is the EU role in Syria?
EU foreign policy has resulted in complete lack of European influence on developments EU unable to craft effective well coordinated policy may see it's role limited to humanitarian actions
150
What are the problems with EU ?
Countries still have their own foreign policy stance There is no enforcement mechanism or forces of the EU that act in unison variety of military powers
151
How did the crisis in Ukraine start in 2010?
Pres. Yanukovich going against EU & getting bailout from Russia Massive protest in 2013 Petro proshenko elected as new pres. EU association agreement War in Donbas region Russia invaded urkaine Ukraine became official candidate of EU European commission president announced that the membership process will process
152
What was Paul hockens fp article?
EU officials are betting that by anchoring eastern European as well as western Balkans. They more solidly in EU and can lift them out . Best way to expand European peace and prosperity is to lock all liberal institutions and structures of democratic Europe. Argument: backlash on lack of promise execution
153
What is EU vs Russia?
Too complicated Sanctions toward Russia and Ukraine invasion but too big of trading partner to fully sanction Energy dependency on Russia 2016: MEPs voted on non legislative resolution. More sanctions following Feb 2022 invasion
154
What is Judy Dempsey white paper published on Carnegie Europe series?
The blaming game will come as the issue with Ukraine shows the weakness of EU.
155
What's the Israel Palestine nrp article?
These are hate marches Scotland wants them to cease fire France has both oppositions (Wants Hamas terrorism to stop but wants humanitarian truce to get aid for Palestine.)
156
What was the debate on niche/ mainstream parties(pro accommodative)?
Media pressure & institutionalised debate can make niche issues nearly unavoidable. Ownership of niche issue can provide less radical solutions that could include ideologies of more voters. Why adverial/dismissive worse? The salience of an issue increase as mainstream party acknowledges the legitimacy of issue and signals prioritization of policy dimension for electoral completion
157
What was the debate on niche/ mainstream parties(cons accommodative)?
Accommodative strategy hurts mainstream party: Mainstream party shift towards niche party position Increased issue salience may alienate more moderate voters from the mainstream party Adv/dismissive: Adverial techniques emphasize need for salience This is deliberate salience reduction which leads to niche party vote loss
158
Debate 2 why northern Ireland should separate from UK?
Full membership w EU. Separating the island, UK has complicated movement of goods hurting the economy Decision making by locally elected representatives and macro economic planning created w Ireland in mind Those who live on the island are brought closer together under one nation.
159
Debate 2 why Ireland should stay?
General consensus is remaining w UK is their best interest Many feel remaining in UK provide sense of security for protestant community who fear discrimination and alienation Stable currency, improving trade
160
Debate 3 why UK should leave the EU?
Trade flexibility: has potential to negotiate trade deals Sovereignty and decision making: independence over decision making Benefits of the new comprehensive free trade agreement
161
Debate 3 why UK should rejoin EU?
Trade: UK left single market & customs union Brexit created barriers for students pursuing higher edu Lack of free movement creates new migration barriers for pop.
162
Debate 4 why should EU pres be directly elected?
Direct election such influential office much more consistent w principles intended to be achieved in Treaty preamble and member state Can increase citizens opinions at the EU level
163
Why EU pres should not be directly elected?
People vote on fear and anxiety Elected officials know what is best for an institution like the European council Pres is inherently included to seek consensus to effectively carry out it's functions