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socio > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Deviant

A

An individual whose actions or attitudes fall outside the general accepted norms or values of a group or society

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2
Q

Criminal

A

illegal activities. often enforced by laws

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3
Q

Sanctions

A

any reaction from others to the behavior of an indivudial or group.

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4
Q

Differential Association

A

criminal and deviant behavior are learned through associqation with others who engage in the behavior

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5
Q

Primary deviation

A

the actions that cause others to label one as deviant

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6
Q

Secondary deviation

A

occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.

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7
Q

Conflict theory

A

crime and deviance are deliberate and often political

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8
Q

Strain theory of deviance

A

proposed by Merton. five sections. conformity,innovation,ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. ways of identifying deviance

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9
Q

Control theory

A

crime and deviance are the outcomes of an imbalance between impulses and controls.

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10
Q

Broken windows theory

A

views disorder and incvility withina community as linked to serious crime

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11
Q

Order-maintenance policing

A

integrates police into the community, teaching them to maintain peace and order (rather than solving crimes

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12
Q

Formal controls

A

foot patrols, zero-tolerance, anti-gang loitering, stop and frisk, juvinile snitch programs

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13
Q

Informal controls

A

community policing or the involvement of citizens in preventing and enforcing peace and order

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14
Q

War on drugs

A

issued by reagan in 1985, increased the size of federal drug control agencies and issuing mandatory sentencing

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15
Q

Prison-industrial complex

A

overlapping interests and efforts of goverment and industry to use servaliance, policing, and imprisonments as solutions to socioeconomic problems.

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16
Q

State

A

Political apparatus consisting of institutions and officials who rule over a territory, whose authority is backed by law, and who have the ability to use force.

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17
Q

Sovereignty

A

Power within a given territory

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18
Q

Authority

A

legitamacy or the aqueisece of individuals based on a sense of duty

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19
Q

State-sanctioned violence

A

monopoly use of legitimate force within its borders

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20
Q

Nation

A

shared culture, identity, and desire for self-administration

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21
Q

Nationalism

A

a perspective, style of thought, or image of the world, the core of which lies the nation

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22
Q

Civic religion

A

attaching sacred qualities to certain institutional arrangements and/or historical events.

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23
Q

Nation-state

A

nationalism within a specific territory that is recognized as an autonomous political unit

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24
Q

Democracy

A

Political system in which the opportunity to participate is widely shared among adult citizens

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25
Q

Totalitarianism

A

political expression is severly limited allowing for no meaningful citizen particpation

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26
Q

Authoritarian

A

strong central power and limited political freedoms

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27
Q

Participatory democracy

A

A system of democracy in which all members of a community participate collectively in decision making.

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28
Q

Direct democracy

A

members contribute directly to the decison making process

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29
Q

Liberal democracy

A

elected representatives hold power and operate under classical liberal principles

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30
Q

Pluralism

A

power is distributed throughout society among a “plurality” of power centers.

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31
Q

Power elite

A

Owners of most of the countries wealth

32
Q

Social movements

A

organized efforts to promote or restrict change in society that relies, at least in part, on non-institutionlized forms of poltical action.

33
Q

Institutional tactics

A

lobbying, campagining, media, education, petitions

34
Q

Direct action tactics

A

civil disobediance, protests, strikes, boycotts (can be both violent and non-violent)

35
Q

Institutional response

A

repression, co-optation, delimiting strategies

36
Q

Reformist movements

A

aims to bring about change within the existing economic and political system (civil rights)

37
Q

Revolutionary movements

A

fundamentally change the existing socio economic system, and propose a well thought out alternative (Appartheid South africa)

38
Q

Rebellious movements

A

fundamentally change the exsiting system with no well thought out alternative ( slave rebellion)

39
Q

Reactionary/resistance movements

A

attempt to restore and earlier social system (White supremacist)

40
Q

The classical model

A

views non-institutinolized behavior as deviant form of poltical participation in a healty democracy

41
Q

Resource mobilization

A

groups differ considerably in the poltical power they weild, which affects their ability to advance collective interests

42
Q

Frames

A

interpretive schema used to identify, label, ans assign meaning to events, thus guiding action in both everyday life and social movements

43
Q

Diagnostic framing

A

a social problem that is stated in a clear,easily understood manner

44
Q

Prognostic framing

A

a clear solution to a social problem, and its implementation strategy is stated

45
Q

Motivational framing

A

a call to action

46
Q

Frame alignment process

A

occurs when social movements link their goals to other social movements and merge into a single group

47
Q

Bridging

A

connects uninvolved individuals or ineffective groups with social movements that share similar interests

48
Q

Amplification

A

organizations expand core ideas to gain a wider, more universal appeal

49
Q

Extension

A

movements agree to support each other despite lack of shared goals

50
Q

Transformation

A

complete revision of goals

51
Q

New social movements

A

1960’s postindustrial society gave way to new forms of movement based on cultural rather than class based change

52
Q

Urban

A

area with a population density of at least 1000 people per square mile, plus surrounding regions with a density of at least 500 people per square mile

53
Q

Population density

A

measurement of population per unit land area

54
Q

Suburb

A

residential enclave within commuting distance of an urban area.

55
Q

Malthusian theory

A

population is controlled via positve checks (war, famine,disease) and preventative checks to reduce fertility

56
Q

Zero population growth

A

number of people entering a population area is equal to the number of people leaving it

57
Q

Cornucopian theory

A

human ingenuity can resolve any socio-environmental issue that develops

58
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the amount of people that can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources

59
Q

Suburbanization

A

massive developments and inhabitation of towns surrounding cities.

60
Q

White flight

A

large scale migration of white families out of racially mixed cities and neighborhoods into homogeneous suburban enclaves

61
Q

Urban decay

A

process by which city center falls into dillapitation and despair

62
Q

Urban ecology

A

emphazies the natural distribution of city neghborhoods into areas having contrasting characteristics

63
Q

Concentric zone model

A

views cities as a series of rings spreading out from the center or central business district

64
Q

New urbanism

A

movement in urban design that aims to combat the problems of urban sprawl and car dependancy

65
Q

Urban renewal

A

process of renovating deteriating neighborhoods by encouraging the renewal of old buildings and the construction of new ones

66
Q

Gentrification

A

a process of class succesion and displacement of classes in areas broadly charcterized by working class and unskilled households

67
Q

Rent-gap thesis

A

occurs when there is a mismatch between potental economic returns and the actual economic gains from its current use. developed by neil smith

68
Q

Natural environment

A

all living and nonliving things occurring naturally

69
Q

Built environment.

A

manmade structures and facilities viewed collectively as an environment in which people live and work.

70
Q

Modified environment

A

a change from natual to man made

71
Q

Environmental functions

A

supply depot, waste repository, living space

72
Q

Environmental problems

A

climate change, ocean acidification, deforistation, factory farming

73
Q

Anthropogenic climate change

A

significant change in measures of climate (temperature, sunlight, topology, precipitation, storms)

74
Q

Heat island effect

A

built areas are warmer than rural areas

75
Q

Climate refugees

A

a person who has been forced to leave their home as a result of the effects of climate change

socio (1 decks)

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