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Exam 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Deviant

A

An individual whose actions or attitudes fall outside the general accepted norms or values of a group or society

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2
Q

Criminal

A

illegal activities. often enforced by laws

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3
Q

Sanctions

A

any reaction from others to the behavior of an indivudial or group.

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4
Q

Differential Association

A

criminal and deviant behavior are learned through associqation with others who engage in the behavior

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5
Q

Primary deviation

A

the actions that cause others to label one as deviant

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6
Q

Secondary deviation

A

occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.

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7
Q

Conflict theory

A

crime and deviance are deliberate and often political

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8
Q

Strain theory of deviance

A

proposed by Merton. five sections. conformity,innovation,ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. ways of identifying deviance

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9
Q

Control theory

A

crime and deviance are the outcomes of an imbalance between impulses and controls.

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10
Q

Broken windows theory

A

views disorder and incvility withina community as linked to serious crime

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11
Q

Order-maintenance policing

A

integrates police into the community, teaching them to maintain peace and order (rather than solving crimes

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12
Q

Formal controls

A

foot patrols, zero-tolerance, anti-gang loitering, stop and frisk, juvinile snitch programs

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13
Q

Informal controls

A

community policing or the involvement of citizens in preventing and enforcing peace and order

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14
Q

War on drugs

A

issued by reagan in 1985, increased the size of federal drug control agencies and issuing mandatory sentencing

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15
Q

Prison-industrial complex

A

overlapping interests and efforts of goverment and industry to use servaliance, policing, and imprisonments as solutions to socioeconomic problems.

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16
Q

State

A

Political apparatus consisting of institutions and officials who rule over a territory, whose authority is backed by law, and who have the ability to use force.

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17
Q

Sovereignty

A

Power within a given territory

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18
Q

Authority

A

legitamacy or the aqueisece of individuals based on a sense of duty

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19
Q

State-sanctioned violence

A

monopoly use of legitimate force within its borders

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20
Q

Nation

A

shared culture, identity, and desire for self-administration

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21
Q

Nationalism

A

a perspective, style of thought, or image of the world, the core of which lies the nation

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22
Q

Civic religion

A

attaching sacred qualities to certain institutional arrangements and/or historical events.

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23
Q

Nation-state

A

nationalism within a specific territory that is recognized as an autonomous political unit

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24
Q

Democracy

A

Political system in which the opportunity to participate is widely shared among adult citizens

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25
Totalitarianism
political expression is severly limited allowing for no meaningful citizen particpation
26
Authoritarian
strong central power and limited political freedoms
27
Participatory democracy
A system of democracy in which all members of a community participate collectively in decision making.
28
Direct democracy
members contribute directly to the decison making process
29
Liberal democracy
elected representatives hold power and operate under classical liberal principles
30
Pluralism
power is distributed throughout society among a "plurality" of power centers.
31
Power elite
Owners of most of the countries wealth
32
Social movements
organized efforts to promote or restrict change in society that relies, at least in part, on non-institutionlized forms of poltical action.
33
Institutional tactics
lobbying, campagining, media, education, petitions
34
Direct action tactics
civil disobediance, protests, strikes, boycotts (can be both violent and non-violent)
35
Institutional response
repression, co-optation, delimiting strategies
36
Reformist movements
aims to bring about change within the existing economic and political system (civil rights)
37
Revolutionary movements
fundamentally change the existing socio economic system, and propose a well thought out alternative (Appartheid South africa)
38
Rebellious movements
fundamentally change the exsiting system with no well thought out alternative ( slave rebellion)
39
Reactionary/resistance movements
attempt to restore and earlier social system (White supremacist)
40
The classical model
views non-institutinolized behavior as deviant form of poltical participation in a healty democracy
41
Resource mobilization
groups differ considerably in the poltical power they weild, which affects their ability to advance collective interests
42
Frames
interpretive schema used to identify, label, ans assign meaning to events, thus guiding action in both everyday life and social movements
43
Diagnostic framing
a social problem that is stated in a clear,easily understood manner
44
Prognostic framing
a clear solution to a social problem, and its implementation strategy is stated
45
Motivational framing
a call to action
46
Frame alignment process
occurs when social movements link their goals to other social movements and merge into a single group
47
Bridging
connects uninvolved individuals or ineffective groups with social movements that share similar interests
48
Amplification
organizations expand core ideas to gain a wider, more universal appeal
49
Extension
movements agree to support each other despite lack of shared goals
50
Transformation
complete revision of goals
51
New social movements
1960's postindustrial society gave way to new forms of movement based on cultural rather than class based change
52
Urban
area with a population density of at least 1000 people per square mile, plus surrounding regions with a density of at least 500 people per square mile
53
Population density
measurement of population per unit land area
54
Suburb
residential enclave within commuting distance of an urban area.
55
Malthusian theory
population is controlled via positve checks (war, famine,disease) and preventative checks to reduce fertility
56
Zero population growth
number of people entering a population area is equal to the number of people leaving it
57
Cornucopian theory
human ingenuity can resolve any socio-environmental issue that develops
58
Carrying capacity
the amount of people that can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources
59
Suburbanization
massive developments and inhabitation of towns surrounding cities.
60
White flight
large scale migration of white families out of racially mixed cities and neighborhoods into homogeneous suburban enclaves
61
Urban decay
process by which city center falls into dillapitation and despair
62
Urban ecology
emphazies the natural distribution of city neghborhoods into areas having contrasting characteristics
63
Concentric zone model
views cities as a series of rings spreading out from the center or central business district
64
New urbanism
movement in urban design that aims to combat the problems of urban sprawl and car dependancy
65
Urban renewal
process of renovating deteriating neighborhoods by encouraging the renewal of old buildings and the construction of new ones
66
Gentrification
a process of class succesion and displacement of classes in areas broadly charcterized by working class and unskilled households
67
Rent-gap thesis
occurs when there is a mismatch between potental economic returns and the actual economic gains from its current use. developed by neil smith
68
Natural environment
all living and nonliving things occurring naturally
69
Built environment.
manmade structures and facilities viewed collectively as an environment in which people live and work.
70
Modified environment
a change from natual to man made
71
Environmental functions
supply depot, waste repository, living space
72
Environmental problems
climate change, ocean acidification, deforistation, factory farming
73
Anthropogenic climate change
significant change in measures of climate (temperature, sunlight, topology, precipitation, storms)
74
Heat island effect
built areas are warmer than rural areas
75
Climate refugees
a person who has been forced to leave their home as a result of the effects of climate change

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