Exam 3 Flashcards
Endocrine glands
secrete chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream
chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called..
paracrine
a newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to anibtracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of..
thyroid hormone
a small molecule bind to a G protein, preventing its activation. what direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP
The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor
a student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. what type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive
neural
the hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of
nerve axons
which of the following is an anterior pituitary gland hormone
TSH
How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?
2
Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?
antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?
all the above
The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.
TSH from the anterior pituitary
The development of a goiter indicates that ________.
there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles
Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.
active transport
When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.
the activity of osteoclasts
Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?
fractures
The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?
kidneys
What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?
chromaffin cells
Cushing’s disease is a disorder caused by ________.
abnormally high levels of cortisol
Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?
reduced mental activity
What cells secrete melatonin?
melanocytes
The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.
exposure to bright light
The gonads produce what class of hormones?
steroid hormones
The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?
inhibin
The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.
prepare the breasts for lactation
If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?
glucagon
Which of the following statements about insulin is true?
Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.
The walls of the atria produce which hormone?
atrial natriuretic peptide
The end result of the RAAS is to ________.
increase blood pressure
Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________.
blood oxygen levels
Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.
development of T cells
The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?
oral ectoderm
In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.
decreased basal metabolic rate
Which of the following statements about blood is true?
Blood is slightly more viscous than water.
Which of the following statements about albumin is true?
It is the most abundant plasma protein.
Which of the following plasma proteins is not produced by the liver?
immunoglobulin
Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid stem cells?
platelets
Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true?
It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage.
Interleukins are associated primarily with which of the following?
all of the above
Which of the following statements about mature, circulating erythrocytes is true?
They have no nucleus.
A molecule of hemoglobin ________.
consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme
The production of healthy erythrocytes depends upon the availability of ________.
vitamin B12
Aging and damaged erythrocytes are removed from the circulation by ________.
macrophages
A patient has been suffering for 2 months with a chronic, watery diarrhea. A blood test is likely to reveal ________.
polycythemia
The process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall is called ________.
emigration
Which of the following describes a neutrophil?
abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria
T and B lymphocytes ________.
are involved with specific immune function
A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte?
basophils
Thrombocytes are more accurately called ________.
platelets
The first step in hemostasis is ________.
vascular spasm
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the ________.
common pathway
Hemophilia is characterized by ________.
inadequate production of clotting factors
The process in which antibodies attach to antigens, causing the formation of masses of linked cells, is called ________.
agglutination
People with ABO blood type O ________.
lack both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a risk during a subsequent pregnancy in which ________.
an Rh− mother is carrying a second Rh+ fetus
Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood?
endocardium
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
mitral
Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?
tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar
Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?
right atrium
The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments and strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors.
endocardium
The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________.
left ventricle
In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult?
atrioventricular septum
Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells?
Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity
The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase?
calcium
Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria?
T wave
Which component of the heart conduction system would have the slowest rate of firing?
Purkinje fibers
The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct relaxation and contraction phase. Which term is typically used to refer ventricular contraction while no blood is being ejected?
systole
Most blood enters the ventricle during ________.
atrial diastole
The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle?
closing of the atrioventricular valves
Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________.
ventricular repolarization
The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ________.
afterload
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?
medulla oblongata
In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm?
It decreases.
What happens to preload when there is venous constriction in the veins?
It increases.
Which of the following is a positive inotrope?
Ca2+
The earliest organ to form and begin function within the developing human is the ________.
heart
Of the three germ layers that give rise to all adult tissues and organs, which gives rise to the heart?
mesoderm
The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart are referred to as the ________.
cardiogenic tubes
Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle?
bulbus cordis
The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from which primitive heart structure?
truncus arteriosus
The endothelium is found in the ________.
tunica intima
Nervi vasorum control ________.
both vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________.
elastic fibers
Which of the following best describes veins?
thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves
An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a ________.
sinusoid capillary
In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70, the number 70 is the ________.
diastolic pressure
A healthy elastic artery ________.
is compliant
Which of the following statements is true?
All of the above are true.
Slight vasodilation in an arteriole prompts a ________.
huge decrease in resistance
Venoconstriction increases which of the following?
return of blood to the heart
Hydrostatic pressure is ________.
the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space
Net filtration pressure is calculated by ________.
subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following statements is true??
In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption.
Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as ________.
the cardiovascular center
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ________.
aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
In the myogenic response, ________.
vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch
A form of circulatory shock common in young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting is ________.
hypovolemic shock
The coronary arteries branch off of the ________.
ascending aorta
Which of the following statements is true???
The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.
Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________.
celiac trunk
The right and left brachiocephalic veins ________.
all of the above are true
The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________.
liver
Blood islands are ________.
masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc
Which of the following statements is true????
One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart.
The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows ________.
most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart
Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most likely be indicated by ________.
polyuria
The color of urine is determined mainly by ________.
byproducts of red blood cell breakdown
Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________.
anuria
Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________.
ureters
Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination.
inhibited
Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal?
bladder
The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________.
renal columns
The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________.
loop of Henle
The right kidney is slightly lower because ________.
it is displace by the liver
Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the ________.
Bowman’s capsule
What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole?
peritubular and vasa recta
The functional unit of the kidney is called ________.
the nephron
________ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration.
Hydrostatic
Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________.
filtration, absorption, and secretion
Systemic blood pressure must stay above 60 so that the proper amount of filtration occurs.
false
Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct.
false
Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron.
proximal convoluted tubule
The fine-tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________.
the collecting ducts
Vasodilation of blood vessels to the kidneys is due to ________.
less frequent action potentials
When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration.
contract
Which of these three paracrine chemicals cause vasodilation?
nitric oxide
What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?
aldosterone
Which of these is a vasoconstrictor?
angiotensin II
What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?
increased blood pressure
Which of these beverages does not have a diuretic effect?
milk
Progesterone can bind to receptors for which hormone that, when released, activates water retention?
aldosterone
Renin is released in response to ________.
decreased blood pressure
Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform?
converts calcidiol into calcitriol
Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production?
EPO
If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________.
you would suffer severe dehydration
Solute contributes to the movement of water between cells and the surrounding medium by ________.
osmotic pressure
A cation has a(n) ________ charge.
positive
Interstitial fluid (IF) is ________.
the fluid that bathes all of the body’s cells except for blood cells
The largest amount of water comes into the body via ________.
liquids
The largest amount of water leaves the body via ________.
urine
Insensible water loss is water lost via ________.
skin evaporation and in air from the lungs
How soon after drinking a large glass of water will a person start increasing their urine output?
30 minutes
Bone serves as a mineral reserve for which two ions?
calcium and phosphate
Electrolytes are lost mostly through ________.
renal function
The major cation in extracellular fluid is ________.
sodium
The major cation in intracellular fluid is ________.
potassium
The major anion in extracellular fluid is ________.
chloride
Most of the body’s calcium is found in ________.
bone
Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed ________.
hypernatremia
The ion with the lowest blood level is ________.
potassium
Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone?
sodium and potassium
Which of the following is the most important buffer inside red blood cells?
hemoglobin
Which explanation best describes why plasma proteins can function as buffers?
Proteins have both positive and negative charges on their surface.
The buffer that is adjusted to control acid-base balance is ________.
bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer
Carbonic acid levels are controlled through the ________.
respiratory system
Bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood are controlled through the ________.
renal system
Which reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?
CO2 + H2O↔H2CO3
Which of the following is a cause of metabolic acidosis?
diarrhea
Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?
emphysema
At a pH of 7.40, the carbonic acid ratio is ________.
20:1
Which of the following is characterized as metabolic alkalosis?
increased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3-
