Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal physiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete chemical messengers that travel in the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called..

A

paracrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to anibtracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of..

A

thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a small molecule bind to a G protein, preventing its activation. what direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP

A

The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. what type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive

A

neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of

A

nerve axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which of the following is an anterior pituitary gland hormone

A

TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body’s fluid and electrolyte balance?

A

antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?

A

all the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by ________.

A

TSH from the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The development of a goiter indicates that ________.

A

there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.

A

active transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

A

the activity of osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?

A

fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

A

kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

A

chromaffin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cushing’s disease is a disorder caused by ________.

A

abnormally high levels of cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which of the following responses s not part of the fight-or-flight response?

A

reduced mental activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cells secrete melatonin?

A

melanocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The production of melatonin is inhibited by ________.

A

exposure to bright light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

A

steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?

A

inhibin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.

A

prepare the breasts for lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?

A

glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which of the following statements about insulin is true?

A

Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The walls of the atria produce which hormone?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The end result of the RAAS is to ________.

A

increase blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Athletes may take synthetic EPO to boost their ________.

A

blood oxygen levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hormones produced by the thymus play a role in the ________.

A

development of T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The anterior pituitary gland develops from which embryonic germ layer?

A

oral ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

In the elderly, decreased thyroid function causes ________.

A

decreased basal metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Which of the following statements about blood is true?

A

Blood is slightly more viscous than water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which of the following statements about albumin is true?

A

It is the most abundant plasma protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which of the following plasma proteins is not produced by the liver?

A

immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which of the formed elements arise from myeloid stem cells?

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true?

A

It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Interleukins are associated primarily with which of the following?

A

all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which of the following statements about mature, circulating erythrocytes is true?

A

They have no nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

A molecule of hemoglobin ________.

A

consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The production of healthy erythrocytes depends upon the availability of ________.

A

vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Aging and damaged erythrocytes are removed from the circulation by ________.

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

A patient has been suffering for 2 months with a chronic, watery diarrhea. A blood test is likely to reveal ________.

A

polycythemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The process by which leukocytes squeeze through adjacent cells in a blood vessel wall is called ________.

A

emigration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which of the following describes a neutrophil?

A

abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

T and B lymphocytes ________.

A

are involved with specific immune function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte?

A

basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Thrombocytes are more accurately called ________.

A

platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The first step in hemostasis is ________.

A

vascular spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the ________.

A

common pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Hemophilia is characterized by ________.

A

inadequate production of clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The process in which antibodies attach to antigens, causing the formation of masses of linked cells, is called ________.

A

agglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

People with ABO blood type O ________.

A

lack both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a risk during a subsequent pregnancy in which ________.

A

an Rh− mother is carrying a second Rh+ fetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood?

A

endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

A

mitral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?

A

tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?

A

right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments and strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors.

A

endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________.

A

left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult?

A

atrioventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells?

A

Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase?

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria?

A

T wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Which component of the heart conduction system would have the slowest rate of firing?

A

Purkinje fibers

66
Q

The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct relaxation and contraction phase. Which term is typically used to refer ventricular contraction while no blood is being ejected?

A

systole

67
Q

Most blood enters the ventricle during ________.

A

atrial diastole

68
Q

The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle?

A

closing of the atrioventricular valves

69
Q

Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________.

A

ventricular repolarization

70
Q

The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ________.

A

afterload

71
Q

The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?

A

medulla oblongata

72
Q

In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm?

A

It decreases.

73
Q

What happens to preload when there is venous constriction in the veins?

A

It increases.

74
Q

Which of the following is a positive inotrope?

A

Ca2+

75
Q

The earliest organ to form and begin function within the developing human is the ________.

A

heart

76
Q

Of the three germ layers that give rise to all adult tissues and organs, which gives rise to the heart?

A

mesoderm

77
Q

The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart are referred to as the ________.

A

cardiogenic tubes

78
Q

Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle?

A

bulbus cordis

79
Q

The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from which primitive heart structure?

A

truncus arteriosus

80
Q

The endothelium is found in the ________.

A

tunica intima

81
Q

Nervi vasorum control ________.

A

both vasoconstriction and vasodilation

82
Q

Closer to the heart, arteries would be expected to have a higher percentage of ________.

A

elastic fibers

83
Q

Which of the following best describes veins?

A

thin walled, large lumens, low pressure, have valves

84
Q

An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and certain other tissues is called a ________.

A

sinusoid capillary

85
Q

In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70, the number 70 is the ________.

A

diastolic pressure

86
Q

A healthy elastic artery ________.

A

is compliant

87
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

A

All of the above are true.

88
Q

Slight vasodilation in an arteriole prompts a ________.

A

huge decrease in resistance

89
Q

Venoconstriction increases which of the following?

A

return of blood to the heart

90
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is ________.

A

the pressure exerted by fluid in an enclosed space

91
Q

Net filtration pressure is calculated by ________.

A

subtracting the blood colloid osmotic pressure from the capillary hydrostatic pressure

92
Q

Which of the following statements is true??

A

In one day, more fluid exits the capillary through filtration than enters through reabsorption.

93
Q

Clusters of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate blood pressure are known collectively as ________.

A

the cardiovascular center

94
Q

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, ________.

A

aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium

95
Q

In the myogenic response, ________.

A

vascular smooth muscle responds to stretch

96
Q

A form of circulatory shock common in young children with severe diarrhea or vomiting is ________.

A

hypovolemic shock

97
Q

The coronary arteries branch off of the ________.

A

ascending aorta

98
Q

Which of the following statements is true???

A

The radial and ulnar arteries join to form the palmar arch.

99
Q

Arteries serving the stomach, pancreas, and liver all branch from the ________.

A

celiac trunk

100
Q

The right and left brachiocephalic veins ________.

A

all of the above are true

101
Q

The hepatic portal system delivers blood from the digestive organs to the ________.

A

liver

102
Q

Blood islands are ________.

A

masses of developing blood vessels and formed elements scattered throughout the embryonic disc

103
Q

Which of the following statements is true????

A

One umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetal heart.

104
Q

The ductus venosus is a shunt that allows ________.

A

most freshly oxygenated blood to flow into the fetal heart

105
Q

Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most likely be indicated by ________.

A

polyuria

106
Q

The color of urine is determined mainly by ________.

A

byproducts of red blood cell breakdown

107
Q

Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________.

A

anuria

108
Q

Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________.

A

ureters

109
Q

Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination.

A

inhibited

110
Q

Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal?

A

bladder

111
Q

The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________.

A

renal columns

112
Q

The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________.

A

loop of Henle

113
Q

The right kidney is slightly lower because ________.

A

it is displace by the liver

114
Q

Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the ________.

A

Bowman’s capsule

115
Q

What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole?

A

peritubular and vasa recta

116
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is called ________.

A

the nephron

117
Q

________ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration.

A

Hydrostatic

118
Q

Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________.

A

filtration, absorption, and secretion

119
Q

Systemic blood pressure must stay above 60 so that the proper amount of filtration occurs.

A

false

120
Q

Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct.

A

false

121
Q

Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron.

A

proximal convoluted tubule

122
Q

The fine-tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________.

A

the collecting ducts

123
Q

Vasodilation of blood vessels to the kidneys is due to ________.

A

less frequent action potentials

124
Q

When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration.

A

contract

125
Q

Which of these three paracrine chemicals cause vasodilation?

A

nitric oxide

126
Q

What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones?

A

aldosterone

127
Q

Which of these is a vasoconstrictor?

A

angiotensin II

128
Q

What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone?

A

increased blood pressure

129
Q

Which of these beverages does not have a diuretic effect?

A

milk

130
Q

Progesterone can bind to receptors for which hormone that, when released, activates water retention?

A

aldosterone

131
Q

Renin is released in response to ________.

A

decreased blood pressure

132
Q

Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform?

A

converts calcidiol into calcitriol

133
Q

Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production?

A

EPO

134
Q

If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________.

A

you would suffer severe dehydration

135
Q

Solute contributes to the movement of water between cells and the surrounding medium by ________.

A

osmotic pressure

136
Q

A cation has a(n) ________ charge.

A

positive

137
Q

Interstitial fluid (IF) is ________.

A

the fluid that bathes all of the body’s cells except for blood cells

138
Q

The largest amount of water comes into the body via ________.

A

liquids

139
Q

The largest amount of water leaves the body via ________.

A

urine

140
Q

Insensible water loss is water lost via ________.

A

skin evaporation and in air from the lungs

141
Q

How soon after drinking a large glass of water will a person start increasing their urine output?

A

30 minutes

142
Q

Bone serves as a mineral reserve for which two ions?

A

calcium and phosphate

143
Q

Electrolytes are lost mostly through ________.

A

renal function

144
Q

The major cation in extracellular fluid is ________.

A

sodium

145
Q

The major cation in intracellular fluid is ________.

A

potassium

146
Q

The major anion in extracellular fluid is ________.

A

chloride

147
Q

Most of the body’s calcium is found in ________.

A

bone

148
Q

Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed ________.

A

hypernatremia

149
Q

The ion with the lowest blood level is ________.

A

potassium

150
Q

Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone?

A

sodium and potassium

151
Q

Which of the following is the most important buffer inside red blood cells?

A

hemoglobin

152
Q

Which explanation best describes why plasma proteins can function as buffers?

A

Proteins have both positive and negative charges on their surface.

153
Q

The buffer that is adjusted to control acid-base balance is ________.

A

bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer

154
Q

Carbonic acid levels are controlled through the ________.

A

respiratory system

155
Q

Bicarbonate ion concentrations in the blood are controlled through the ________.

A

renal system

156
Q

Which reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase?

A

CO2 + H2O↔H2CO3

157
Q

Which of the following is a cause of metabolic acidosis?

A

diarrhea

158
Q

Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis?

A

emphysema

159
Q

At a pH of 7.40, the carbonic acid ratio is ________.

A

20:1

160
Q

Which of the following is characterized as metabolic alkalosis?

A

increased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3-

Animal physiology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions