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Anatomy LINCOLN > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we have circulation?

A

Bad surface to volume ratios.
Outside world -> capillaries -> circulatory system -> capillaries -> individual cells

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2
Q

What are the components of circulatory system and what do they do?

A

heart: pumps
arteries: transports away from heart
veins: transport towards heart
blood: transport medium
capillaries are the functional unit of the entire system. they work to diffuse

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3
Q

what are the blood components?

A

plasma: 55%
- mostly water
formed elements: 45%
- red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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4
Q

What are the blood functions?

A
  • red blood cells: transports oxygen and assist in carbon dioxide transport
  • white blood cells: protects against invaders
  • platelets: responsible for blood clotting
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5
Q

what is fast twitch?

A

(light) weight lifter, low amount of myoglobin white fibers, few capillaries, few mitochondria, high glycogen stores, larger diameter
- short exercises, fermentation

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6
Q

When we build muscle what are we actually getting more of?

A

not muscle cells, but we get more myofibrils

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7
Q

what is slow twitch

A

(dark) long distance runner, larger amount of myoglobin (red fibers) many capillaries, high endurance, increase myoglobin and capillaries

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8
Q

all muscles have:

A

all muscles have dark and light
*dark and light are right next to each other

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9
Q

What is muscle fatigue?

A

the inability to contract after prolonged activity.
- decline in Ca+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, insufficient O2 or glycogen, build up of lactic acid and ADP

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10
Q

The total strength of a contraction depends upon what?

A

how many motor units are activated and how large the motor units are

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11
Q

what are precise units and what are strong movements

A

precise require fewer motor units, smaller motor neurons (fine motor skills)
strong movements require more motor units

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12
Q

what is the main action of the SA node?

A

pacemaker

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13
Q

(circulatory system) everything enters and exits through the:

A

top of the heart

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14
Q

the atria ____ the blood and the ventricles ____ the blood.

A

Atria receive the blood and the ventricles pump the blood

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15
Q

the right side of our heart is for?
the left side of our heart is for?

A

right: getting blood to lungs
left: getting blood to the body

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16
Q

why are valves important?

A

no backflow

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17
Q

why does the heart keep pumping if out of body?

A

SA node

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18
Q

where does the right ventricle exit out of?

A

pulmonary trunk

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19
Q

pulmonary trunk and arteries are NOT ____

A

oxygenated

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20
Q

what are the two important things in the cuspid valves

A

chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

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21
Q

what do chordae tendineae do?

A

prevent backflow in heart

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22
Q

semilunar valves have no____

A

chordae tendineae

23
Q

what is the first to feed to heart?

A

coronary arteries

24
Q

what arteries have blockages commonly

A

coronary arteries

25
Q

what are myocardial infarcations

A

heart attack

26
Q

what does death of the heart muscle do?

A

heart attack

27
Q

what depolarized the fastest? Why?

A

SA node
- bc the cells are leaky to sodium
- these cells dont have normal resting potential

28
Q

when our heart sends out an electrical signal, what happens?

A

the cells do an action potential and the the cells contract

29
Q

what changes heart rate

A

baroreceptors in neck and chest

30
Q

what is a short term solution when our blood pressure is low?

A

if blood pressure is too low then the cardiovascular center in medulla is notified and heart rate will speed up

31
Q

what is starlings law?

A

the more tension the harder the contraction

32
Q

what is the Val salva maneuver ?

A

forced expiration against closed glottis
- common during defecation
- blood pools in vena cavae
- common in elderly

33
Q

what are the main contributors to heart rate

A

Ventricles

34
Q

what are the main contributors of heart rate

A
  • increase in body temp, CO2 rise in blood, epinephrine and age increases heart rate
  • fitness and thyroxine decreases the heart rate
35
Q

what are the 3 waves?

A

1) P wave: artial depolarization and artial contration follows
2) QRS wave: ventricular depolarization and ventriles start to relax afterwards
3) T wave: total ventricle depolarization/ repolarization time

36
Q

define the PQ interval, ST segment, and QT interval

A

PQ: conduction time from atria to ventricles
ST segment: time ventricles fully depolarize
QT interval: total ventricle depolarization/ repolarization time

37
Q

systole vs diastole

A

systole= contraction and end of P wave
diastole= relaxation

38
Q

what does a large P wave mean?

A

enlarged atrium

39
Q

what does an enlarged Q wave mean

A

maybe myocardial infarction

40
Q

what does a large R mean?

A

enlarged ventricles

41
Q

what does a flat T mean

A

not enough O2

42
Q

what does a longer PQ time mean

A

detour due to scar

43
Q

what does ST elevated above baseline mean?

A

myocardial infarction

44
Q

what does ST depressed mean?

A

insuffient O2

45
Q

what is the cardiac contraction cycle?

A

1) Atria contract
2) blood flows to ventricles
- bicuspid and tricuspid valves open
- semilunar valves close
3) ventricles contract
- tricuspid and bicuspid valves close
- lubb (first heart sounds)
4) blood forced out of ventricles
5) ventricles relax, pressure is 0
6) arterial pressure (120) greater than ventricle pressure (0)
- Dupp (second heart sound)

46
Q

what are arterioles?

A

they regulate resistance and they are smaller arteries

47
Q

what are capillaries?

A
  • they diffuse things
  • exchanges wastes and nutrients (O2, glucose and waste)
  • capillaries are leaky and are doing the exchange
48
Q

what are venules

A

venules are small veins

49
Q

Arteries have a thick _____.
What is it made out of it and what is the reason?

A

thick tunica media
- lots of smooth muscle
- elastic and stable and tight

50
Q

what is the difference between the lumen in arteries and veins

A

arteries have a smaller lumen, veins have a larger lumen

51
Q

what are the capillaries made out of?

A

simple squamous epithelium

52
Q

veins dont have ___ blood flow

A

constant bloodflow

53
Q
A

Anatomy LINCOLN (5 decks)

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