exam 3

Question 1

Why do we have circulation?

Answer 1

Bad surface to volume ratios.
Outside world -> capillaries -> circulatory system -> capillaries -> individual cells

Question 2

What are the components of circulatory system and what do they do?

Answer 2

heart: pumps
arteries: transports away from heart
veins: transport towards heart
blood: transport medium
capillaries are the functional unit of the entire system. they work to diffuse

Question 3

what are the blood components?

Answer 3

plasma: 55%
- mostly water
formed elements: 45%
- red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Question 4

What are the blood functions?

Answer 4

• red blood cells: transports oxygen and assist in carbon dioxide transport
• white blood cells: protects against invaders
• platelets: responsible for blood clotting

Question 5

what is fast twitch?

Answer 5

(light) weight lifter, low amount of myoglobin white fibers, few capillaries, few mitochondria, high glycogen stores, larger diameter
- short exercises, fermentation

Question 6

When we build muscle what are we actually getting more of?

Answer 6

not muscle cells, but we get more myofibrils

Question 7

what is slow twitch

Answer 7

(dark) long distance runner, larger amount of myoglobin (red fibers) many capillaries, high endurance, increase myoglobin and capillaries

Question 8

all muscles have:

Answer 8

all muscles have dark and light
*dark and light are right next to each other

Question 9

What is muscle fatigue?

Answer 9

the inability to contract after prolonged activity.
- decline in Ca+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, insufficient O2 or glycogen, build up of lactic acid and ADP

Question 10

The total strength of a contraction depends upon what?

Answer 10

how many motor units are activated and how large the motor units are

Question 11

what are precise units and what are strong movements

Answer 11

precise require fewer motor units, smaller motor neurons (fine motor skills)
strong movements require more motor units

Question 12

what is the main action of the SA node?

Answer 12

pacemaker

Question 13

(circulatory system) everything enters and exits through the:

Answer 13

top of the heart

Question 14

the atria ____ the blood and the ventricles ____ the blood.

Answer 14

Atria receive the blood and the ventricles pump the blood

Question 15

the right side of our heart is for?
the left side of our heart is for?

Answer 15

right: getting blood to lungs
left: getting blood to the body

Question 16

why are valves important?

Answer 16

no backflow

Question 17

why does the heart keep pumping if out of body?

Answer 17

SA node

Question 18

where does the right ventricle exit out of?

Answer 18

pulmonary trunk

Question 19

pulmonary trunk and arteries are NOT ____

Answer 19

oxygenated

Question 20

what are the two important things in the cuspid valves

Answer 20

chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

Question 21

what do chordae tendineae do?

Answer 21

prevent backflow in heart

Question 22

semilunar valves have no____

Answer 22

chordae tendineae

Question 23

what is the first to feed to heart?

Answer 23

coronary arteries

Question 24

what arteries have blockages commonly

Answer 24

coronary arteries

Question 25

what are myocardial infarcations

Answer 25

heart attack

Question 26

what does death of the heart muscle do?

Answer 26

heart attack

Question 27

what depolarized the fastest? Why?

Answer 27

SA node - bc the cells are leaky to sodium - these cells dont have normal resting potential

Question 28

when our heart sends out an electrical signal, what happens?

Answer 28

the cells do an action potential and the the cells contract

Question 29

what changes heart rate

Answer 29

baroreceptors in neck and chest

Question 30

what is a short term solution when our blood pressure is low?

Answer 30

if blood pressure is too low then the cardiovascular center in medulla is notified and heart rate will speed up

Question 31

what is starlings law?

Answer 31

the more tension the harder the contraction

Question 32

what is the Val salva maneuver ?

Answer 32

forced expiration against closed glottis - common during defecation - blood pools in vena cavae - common in elderly

Question 33

what are the main contributors to heart rate

Answer 33

Ventricles

Question 34

what are the main contributors of heart rate

Answer 34

- increase in body temp, CO2 rise in blood, epinephrine and age increases heart rate - fitness and thyroxine decreases the heart rate

Question 35

what are the 3 waves?

Answer 35

1) P wave: artial depolarization and artial contration follows 2) QRS wave: ventricular depolarization and ventriles start to relax afterwards 3) T wave: total ventricle depolarization/ repolarization time

Question 36

define the PQ interval, ST segment, and QT interval

Answer 36

PQ: conduction time from atria to ventricles ST segment: time ventricles fully depolarize QT interval: total ventricle depolarization/ repolarization time

Question 37

systole vs diastole

Answer 37

systole= contraction and end of P wave diastole= relaxation

Question 38

what does a large P wave mean?

Answer 38

enlarged atrium

Question 39

what does an enlarged Q wave mean

Answer 39

maybe myocardial infarction

Question 40

what does a large R mean?

Answer 40

enlarged ventricles

Question 41

what does a flat T mean

Answer 41

not enough O2

Question 42

what does a longer PQ time mean

Answer 42

detour due to scar

Question 43

what does ST elevated above baseline mean?

Answer 43

myocardial infarction

Question 44

what does ST depressed mean?

Answer 44

insuffient O2

Question 45

what is the cardiac contraction cycle?

Answer 45

1) Atria contract 2) blood flows to ventricles - bicuspid and tricuspid valves open - semilunar valves close 3) ventricles contract - tricuspid and bicuspid valves close - lubb (first heart sounds) 4) blood forced out of ventricles 5) ventricles relax, pressure is 0 6) arterial pressure (120) greater than ventricle pressure (0) - Dupp (second heart sound)

Question 46

what are arterioles?

Answer 46

they regulate resistance and they are smaller arteries

Question 47

what are capillaries?

Answer 47

- they diffuse things - exchanges wastes and nutrients (O2, glucose and waste) - capillaries are leaky and are doing the exchange

Question 48

what are venules

Answer 48

venules are small veins

Question 49

Arteries have a thick _____. What is it made out of it and what is the reason?

Answer 49

thick tunica media - lots of smooth muscle - elastic and stable and tight

Question 50

what is the difference between the lumen in arteries and veins

Answer 50

arteries have a smaller lumen, veins have a larger lumen

Question 51

what are the capillaries made out of?

Answer 51

simple squamous epithelium

Question 52

veins dont have ___ blood flow

Answer 52

constant bloodflow