Exam 3 Flashcards
what does the ligamentum nuchae turn into as it becomes thinner down the spinal cord
supraspinous ligament
what ligament goes in between the spinous process
interspinous ligament
what ligaments must you pass through to do an epidural
supraspinous
interspinous
ligamentum flavum
what ligament attaches vertebrae to each other
ligamentum flavum
what ligament is deep to the spinal cord
posterior longitudinal ligament
what space are you in when you poke through the ligamentum flavum
epidural space
what really makes up the epidural space
fat and veins laying on top of the dura mater
what structure gives popping sensation as needle punctures for epidural
ligamentum flavum
where does the spinal cord end
L1, L2
what are the areas of major branching of the peripheral nerves on the spinal cord
cervical and lumbosacral enlargement
what branch of nerves come off the cervical enlargement
brachial plexus
what do the nerves coming off the lumbosacral enlargement supply
lower extremities
where does nervous tissue stop on the spinal cord
conus medullaris at L1-L2
what is the name of the structure where the spinal cord ends
conus medullaris
what structure extends off tapering point of conus medularis
filum terminale
what structure attaches the coccygeal vertebrae to the conus medullaris
filum terminale
what are the parts of the filum terminale
dural and pial parts
what vertebrae does the pial part of the filum terminale correspond with
L1-S2
what vertebrae does the dura part of the filum terminale correspond with
S2-coccygeal vertebrae
what wraps around pia giving it strength
dura
what is the function of the filum terminale
hold spinal cord in alignment so it does not bounce around
what are the meningeal layers
dura
arachnoid
pia
what meningeal lays against the skull and vertebral column
dura mater
what meningeal layer lies beneath the dura mater
arachnoid mata
what lies beneath the arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
what is contained within the arachnoid space
CSF and vessels
what meningeal layer is beneath the subarachnoid space
pia mater
what meningeal layer is tightly adhered to the brain and spinal cord
pia mater
what are the two sections of the spinal cord
grey and white matter
what makes up the internal matter of the spinal cord
grey matter
what is contained in grey matter
neurons
how much more neurons do men have than women
6%
what is the function of the grey matter
activates the nervous system
where is the central canal located
grey matter of the spinal cord
what flows through the central canal
CSF
how much more white matter do women have than men
10x more
what is the function of the spinal cord white matter
pathway to carry messages
what runs through the anterior median fissure
anterior spinal artery
what are the anterior and posterior structures of the white matter
anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
what lies on the either side of the posterior median sulcus
posterior spinal arteries
what supplies a great deal of the spinal cord
posterior intercostal artery
what are the spinal veins called
posterior/ anterior spinal vein
what is deep to the extradural fat
dura mater
what is infiltrated with medication during epidural
extradural fat
what structure needs to be penetrated for a spinal
through dura into the subarachnoid space
what attaches pia to the dura
denticulate ligament
what weaves between dorsals and ventral nerve roots to stabilize spinal cord
denticulate ligament
what spinal nerve roots are sensory
posterior roots
what spinal nerve roots are motor
anterior roots
what is an enlargement outside of central nervous system containing neurons
ganglion
what determines how and when message gets to where it needs to go
ganglion
what nerves have short pre ganglion and long post ganglion going to organ
sympathetic
is there a parasympathetic chain ganglion
no
where does the parasympathetic response come from
medulla oblongata and pelvic splanchnic nerves
what are the roots of the pelvic splanchnic nerves
S2
S3
S4
what nerves have long pre ganglion and short post ganglion going to organ
parasympathetic
how many cervical nerve roots are there
8
how many thoracic nerve roots are there
12
how many lumbar nerve roots are there
5
how many sacral nerve roots are there
5
how many coccygeal nerve roots are there
1-3
what does the cuada equina innervate
provide ability to move and feel sensation in legs and the bladder
what sinus runs the length of the brain
superior sagital sinus
what are the sinuses in the brain made of
dura mater
what meningeal layer helps to hold brain intact and from crashing into each other
dura mater
what part of dura separates left and right brain hemispheres
falx cerebri
what part of the dura separates right and left cerebellum
falx cerebelli
what part of the dura separates cerebri from cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
what is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
infundibulum
what is the covering over the pituitary gland keeping it on sella turcica
diaphragma sellae
what lobe is found by separating the frontal/parietal and temporal lobes
insular lobe
what are the lobes of the brain
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
insular
cerebellum
what are the raised portion of the brain
gyri
what are the canals of the brain called
sulci
what structure is the pituitary gland in
sella turcica
what fissure separates right and left brain hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
what sulcus separates frontal from parietal lobe
central sulcus
what sulcus separates temporal lobe from frontal/parietal
lateral sulcus
what separates parietal and occipital lobes
parieto-occipital sulcus
what are the precentral and post central gyri in relation to
central sulcus
what are precentral gyri responsible for
motor
what are the post central gyri responsible for
sensory
what structure in the brain connects the right and left hemisphere
corpus callosum
what brain structure is larger in women
corpus callosum
what makes up walls of the lateral ventricles
corpus callosum
what connects right and left thalamus
interthalamic adhesion
what lobe is the uncus on
temporal lobe
what artery is directly underneath the uncus
middle cerebral artery
why is the uncus herniating significant
it can occlude the middle cerebral artery causing a stroke
what structure us immediately underneath the septum pellicidum
fornix
what is the fornix responsible for
short term memory
what does the fornix continue into posteriorly
hippocampus
what is the hippocampus responsible for
long term memory
what is the survival portion of the brain
amygdala
is the amygdala bigger in male or female
male
what makes the lateral walls of the 3rd ventrical
thalamus
what makes CSF
choroid plexus
where are coroid plexus located
in all ventricles
what is normal csf pressure
7-12mmHg
how much csf is made each day
450-600cc
how much csf is there in the body at one time
150cc
what makes melatonin
pineal body
what is responsible for circadian rhythms
pineal body
what is the thin piece of tissue walling off the lateral ventricles
septum pellucidum
what makes the anterior and posterior walls of 3rd ventricle
anterior and posterior commissure
what holds memory of smell
mammillary bodies
what does the fornix turn into anteriorly
mammillary bodies
what is the cerebral peduncle responsible for
smoothing/tapering movement
what connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
how many apitures are there
2 lateral and 1 medial
what is the role of the apitures
place where spinal fluid leaves the 4th ventricle and goes into subarachnoid space
where are apitures located
4th ventricle
what ventricle extends down into the hypothalamus
3rd ventricle
what structures sit on tectale plate
superior and inferior colliculus
what is the superior/inferior colliculus responsible for
vision
depth perception
colors
what is the posterior portion of the cerebral aqueduct
tectal plate
what molecule triggers breathing
hydrogen
how is CO2 transported in blood
bicarbonate
describe the blood brain barrier
tiny capillaries taper down and get really small so they only let small molecules in
what nerves come out of the jugular foramen
9
10
11
what is the origin out of the brain to a mid termination point for a nerve
tract
trace the route of the olfactory nerve
brain
olfactory tract
olfactory bulb
olfactory nerve
nose
trace the route of the optic nerve
brain
optic tract
optic chiasm
optic nerve
eye
where does the olfactory nerve exit the skull
cribiform plate
what does consenual mean pertaining to the eye
since the optic nerve is connected to the optic chiasm, both eyes constrict when shining a light in one eye
what is the ciliary muscle responsible for
constricts and dilates the pupil
what is it called when aqueous humor cannot get out causing ocular pressure to be high
glaucoma
what muscles does oculomotor nerve innervate
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
inferior oblique
levator pallpibrae superioris
sphincter pupillae
ciliary muscle
what does the trochlear nerve innervate
superior oblique muscle
what are the branches of the trigeminal nerve
ophthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
what does the abducens nerve come out of
sphenoid bone
what does the abducens nerve innervate
lateral rectus muscle
what are the sensory innervations of the trigeminal nerve
face
sinuses
teeth
oral cavity
orbital cavity
dura mater
what are the motor innervations of the trigeminal nerve
muscles of mastication
tensor tympani
mylohyoid
anterior belly of digastric
tensor veli palatini
where does the facial nerve come out of
stylomastoid foramen
what does the facial nerve innervate
muscles of the face
stapedius
posterior belly of the digastric
stylohyoid
occipitalis
auricularis
what are the motor innervations of the intermediate facial nerve
submandibular
sublingual
lacrimal glands
what are the taste innervation of the intermediate facial nerve
anterior 2/3 of tongue
sensory soft palate
where does the vestibulocochlear nerve exit the skull
internal auditory canal
what are the taste innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve
posterior 1/3 of the tongue
what are the sensory innervation of the glossopharyngeal nerve
tonsil
pharynx
middle ear
what are the motor innervations of the glossopharyngeal nerve
parotid gland
stylopharyngeus
what are the motor innervations of the vagus nerve
heart
lungs
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
GI tract
palate
what are the sensory innervations of the vagus nerve
heart
lungs
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
GI tract
external ear
what does the accessory nerve innervate
sternocleidomastoid
trapezius
what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate
tongue muscles
what happens when there is trauma in the lower part of the medulla oblongata
accessory nerve can be affected causing loss of back muscle function/sensation
what are the three lobes of the cerebellum
anterior
posterior
flocculonodular
what is on the posterior lobes of the cerebellum
tonsils
what structures differentiate the cerebellum from the cerebrum
leaflets instead of gyri
what is the function of the cerebellum
coordination
muscle movement
muscle memory
what is the superior depression running down the middle of the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum
superior vermis
what is the inferior depression running down the middle of all 3 lobes of the cerebellum
inferior vermis
what are the indentations at the front and the back of the cerebellum
anterior and posterior cerebellar notch
what arteries supply the brain
R/L internal carotid
R/L vertebral arteries
what does the right and left vertebral artery join together to form
basilar artery
what is the branch of the vertebral arteries
posterior interior cerebellar artery
what does the basilar artery split into
posterior cerebral arteries
what branches off the posterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
what connects the posterior cerebral artery and the middle artery
posterior communicating artery
what are the branches of the basilar artery
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
pons arteries
superior cerebellar artery
what does the pons control
HR
Respiration
swallowing
how often do strokes come from the vertebral artery occur
20% of the time
what is the usual outcome of a stroke in the basilar artery
death
what arteries is the middle artery made up from
posterior communicating and internal carotid artery
where does the 1st branch of the middle cerebral artery go to
brocha center
where do 80% of all strokes occur
internal carotid
what do 90% of strokes effect since middle carotid goes to brochas center
speech
what artery arises of the middle cerebral artery
anterior cerebral artery
what are the right and left anterior cerebral arteries connected by
anterior communicating artery
what are the layers of the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater called
meninges
what is the brain stem responsible for
HR
respiration
breathing
what sinuses feed into the confluence of sinuses
straight and superior sagittal sinus
where are arachnoid granulations found
superior sagittal sinus
what is the role of the arachnoid granulations
allow csf to seep into superior sagittal sinus so it can get into venous system
what sinus feeds into the straight sinus
inferior sagittal sinus
what does the confluence of sinuses drain into
transverse sinuses
what vein does the blood from the transverse sinus eventually feed into
internal jugular vein
what sinus is inferior and anterior to sella turcica
sphenoid sinus
what is the thin cartilaginous tissue separating the right and left nostril
nasal septum
what rises up during swallowing to block food from going into the nose
soft palate
what does the pituitary gland sit in
sella turcica
what tonsil is inferior to the sella turcica
pharyngeal tonsil
what is another name for the pharyngeal tonsil
adenoid
what is another name for eustachian tube
pharyngeal opening of auditory canal
what opens the eustachian tube and can blow bacteria into middle ear
sneezing
what tonsils are anterior and deep to uvula
palatine tonsils
what tonsils act similar to lymph nodes and enlarge when infected
palatine tonsils
what covers the trachea to make sure food doesnt get into trachea
epiglottis
what needs to go up during swallowing to allow the epiglottis to fold back
thyroid cartilage
what muscle is superior to the posterior cricoid cartilage
transverse arytenoid muscle
what folds lie in the thyroid cartilage
vestibular and vocal
what cartilage is small on the anterior portion and large on the posterior portion
cricoid cartilage
what found in between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage
cricothyroid ligament
where is an emergent tracheotomy performed
cricothyroid ligament
what is the false cord
vestibular fold
what is the true cord
vocal fold
what is the pouch between the vestibular and vocal fold
laryngeal ventricle
what are the 3 concha
superior
middle
inferior
what lies between the concha
meatus
what are the concha coated with that originated in the sinuses
mucous
what produces mucous in the sinuses
goblet cells
what is the role of cilia in the nose
pushes virus/bacteria back towards the larynx, gets swallowed in stomach and killed by hydrochloric acid
what happens when bacteria gets past the carina
cilia sweeps up to get bacteria out
what is the tissue of the nose lined with
cilia
lysozymes
antibodies
mucus
what is next to the opening of the maxillary sinus
semilunar hiatus
what structures are in the middle meatus
ethmoidal bulla
semilunar hiatus
maxillary sinus opening
what sinus dumps into the superior meatus
sphenoidal sinus
what sinus is inferior to the to the sella turcica
sphenoidal sinus
which tubercle is most lateral
cuneiform tubercle
what tubercle is most medial
corniculate tubercle
what is in the middle of the corniculate tubercles
interarytenoid notch
what are the parts of the cricoid cartilage
arch (anterior)
lamina
artyenoid articular surface
what sits on top of the posterior cricoid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
where is the lingual tonsil
base of the tongue
what tonsil is superior to the eustachian tube
pharnygeal tonsil
what tonsil is inferior to the uvula
palatine tonsil
what is the space between the lingual tonsil and the epiglottis
vallecula
does the cornea have any blood vessels
no
what is the most anterior structure of the eye
cornea
what does the levator palpebrae superioris do
elevates upper eyelid
superior oblique
looks medially and downward
inferior oblique
looks medially and upward
superior rectus
looks laterally and upward
inferior rectus
looks laterally and downward
medial rectus
looks medially
lateral rectus
look lateral
where does the cornea get nutrients from
aqueous humor
how does the cornea get vessels to heal it
conjunctival flap
what chamber is deep to the cornea and contains aqueous humor
anterior chamber
what chamber is deep to the pupil
posterior chamber
where does aqueous humor drain
scleral venous sinus
what gives the eye color and forms the pupil
iris
what is the straight muscle of the iris responsible for
dilating pupil
sympathetic
what is the sphincter muscle of the iris responsible for
constricting pupil
parasympathetic
what does the vitreous chamber contain
vitreous humor, mucous-like
what attaches the lens to the ciliary body
zonular fibers
what are zonular fibers attached to
lens and ciliary body
what structure is associated with cataracts
lenticulate fibers
where are lenticulate fibers found
lens
what happens to the lens when looking at something near
contracts and rounds
what happens to the lens when looking at something far
lens widens and thins
what is direction of flow in tears
lateral to medial
drains into medial canthus and into nasolacrima duct
what is the white, fibrinous portion of the eye that gives it integrity
sclera
what layer of the eye has vessels in it
choroid
what are the 3 layers of the eye
sclera
choroid
retina
what is the blind spot of the eye
optic disc (no rods or cones)
what is the thinnest area of the retina
fovea centralis
what is the most sensitive area in the eye containing 50% more cones than rods
fovea centralis
what do cones do
detect color
function in bright light
what do rods do
function in dim light
where are rods and cones found
neural section of the retina
what structures are on the arytenoids
corniculate
where is the lacrimal gland found
superior lateral side of the eye
what kind of matter are ganglions considered
gray matter because they have neurons in them
what is the role of the posterior longitudinal ligament
stabilizes one vertebrae to another so that pressure isnt put on peripheral nerves
what does the largest portion of the blood in the brain drain into
superior sagittal sinus
what is the inferior sagital sinus located in
falx cerebri
Why is the foramen transversarium important
Where vertebral artery passes through
What does the suprspinious ligament run on
Dorsal spinous process
Where does the dura end in the film terminale
S2
Where are the ganglia in the spinal cord
Posterior nerve root
How many anterior and posterior spinal arteries do you have
1 anterior
2 posterior
What is the denticulate ligament made of and what does it attach to
Made of pia mater
Attaches to dura
What is the denticulate ligament made of and what does it attach to
Made of pia mater
Attaches to dura
What cranial nerve supplies the lateral rectus muscle
Abducens (VI)
What cranial nerve supplies the superior oblique muscle
Trochlear (IV)
Where is the anterior chamber
In front of the iris
Behind the cornea
Where is the posterior chamber?
Behind the iris
What is the cornea rich in
Nerves, poor in vessels
Number of rods and cones in the eye
100 million rods
6-8 million cones
