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Intro to psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is attribution?

A

Explanations that you make about your own behavior, others behavior, or events

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2
Q

What is Internal attribution

A

When you decide that a cause of an event came from inside (personality)

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3
Q

What is external attribution?

A

All of the stuff in the environment that causes things to happen.

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4
Q

Problems with attribution?

A

We rely of one more than the other

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5
Q

What is fundamental attribution error?

A

Happens when trying to explain other people’s behavior. When you rely too much on internal attribution and ignore a persons situation.

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6
Q

What is Self serving bias?

A

Explaining your own behavior. Good things that happen to you happen because of internal reasoning while bad stuff happens to you because of external reasoning.

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7
Q

What is Pessimistic style attribution error?

A

Bad things happen are because of internal reasonings but good things that happen are because of external reasons (low self esteem).

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8
Q

What does internal mean?

A

You did something because of your personality

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9
Q

What does stable mean?

A

You have a thought that is constant and it becomes a continued mindset.

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10
Q

What are attitudes?

A

Responses we have to people, places, or events that tend to be consistent.

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11
Q

What is the problem with attitudes?

A

It’s hard to tell how you actually feel because you say what you think you Will do vs what you actually do.

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12
Q

What is the affective component

A

How you feel about something (do you feel sad, happy, angry?)

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13
Q

What is the cognitive component?

A

All the things you know about something ( you know you will make a mistake during the exam)

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14
Q

What is the behavioral component?

A

What do you think your actions will be?( what do you plan on doing?)

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15
Q

Where do attitudes come from?

A

Can be learned from friends, family, environment. Or self referenced by forming attitude based on your own behavior.

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16
Q

What is persuasion?

A

When someone else attempts to change your attitude on something.

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17
Q

What is the central path of persuasion?

A

Very open or clear path. This is only affective if your audience participates (less often).

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18
Q

What is the peripheral path of persuasion?

A

Manipulative And less open. This appeal to emotion (easier path and used more often)

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19
Q

Authority in persuasion

A

We are more likely to change our opinions and beliefs when coming from a figure of authority (even if information is wrong)

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20
Q

Trustworthy in persuasion

A

They come off as honest and trustworthy and honesty makes a person more persuasive.

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21
Q

Likability in persuasion

A

You are more likely to forgive their mistakes, or you give them more benefit than doubt.

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22
Q

What is conformity?

A

A form of indirect pressure. No one is telling you what to do you just feel you need to (indirect peer pressure). This becomes conformity when you give into these thoughts.

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23
Q

In what ways is conformity good?

A

Keeps us safe and peer pressure usually has more benefits that it does risks.

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24
Q

What is socialized delinquency?

A

Bad conformity; primarily teenagers that commit petty crimes due to peer pressure (shoplifting) and they usually grow out of it.

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25
Q

What is unsocialized delinquency?

A

Tends not to be peer pressure based and involve more serious crimes (assault, murder). Crime usually happens for their own reasons and do not have many friends. Overtime it gets worse.

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26
Q

How do you make conformity?

A

In smaller groups, there is a better chance of pressuring you.

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27
Q

What is obedience?

A

A form of direct pressure. You do what you are told

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28
Q

What is constructive obedience?

A

When obedience keeps you safe. (Like driving on the right side of the road)

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29
Q

What is destructive obedience?

A

When obedience causes you harm to you or someone else. (Milgram experiment)

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30
Q

What is a special circumstance of obedience?

A

When the obedience protects you but harms someone else ( combination of constructive and destructive).

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31
Q

How do you make obedience stronger?

A

When everyone obeys, strong authority figures

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32
Q

How to make obedience weaker?

A

If one person disobeys in the group

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33
Q

What is contentiousness

A

Characteristic of constructive; you are reliable, dependable, follows rules

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34
Q

What is sociotropy?

A

Characteristic of constructive; how much you need relationships with others. you will be more constructive to stay within a group.

35
Q

What is social dominance orientation

A

Characteristic of destructive; how you see relationships between different groups of people. You believe some people should get special treatment (keep status)

36
Q

What is old standard traditional?

A

When old ways in society are best and shouldn’t be changed

37
Q

Right wing authoritarianism

A

Authority figures jobs are to maintain traditional ways. Refers to destructive obedience

38
Q

Difference between constructive and destructive?

A

Constructive
-everyone is equal
-everyone behaves the same

Destructive
-based on hierarchy
-everyone’s behavior is inconsistent

39
Q

What is the bystander affect?

A

You are less likely to help someone if you are in a group.

40
Q

Why does the bystander effects usually happen?

A

Deindividuation ; This is a sacrifice of you individuality to become a member of the group, you are less an individual and more a face in the crowd. If the group doesn’t help, neither do you.

Diffusion of responsibility; you believe that someone else that is more qualified will handle this.

41
Q

What is group polarization?

A

Beliefs that a group has that become more and more extreme overtime. There’s no one in the group to take the opposite side.

42
Q

What is group think?

A

How groups of people make decisions. In some situations, you find that the group makes poor decisions because they lose site of the issue. Instead they just want to agree with each other to be seen as united.

43
Q

How to avoid group influences

A

-Invite outsiders to criticize plan
-do some meetings without group leader
- when the group leader is present, they need to encourage people to discuss the recommendation freely

44
Q

What is working memory

A

Known as short term memory and is a temporary storage unit for information (20-30s) and a place for you to work on that information. If you don’t work on it, it will completely disappear from memory.

45
Q

How does working memory move to long term memory?

A

You can organize information, rehearse the information, or picture it.

46
Q

What is primacy in memory?

A

High accuracy for words at the beginning of the list. Has the most rehearsal so it moves to long term memory.

47
Q

What is recency effect in memory?

A

High accuracy for words at the end of the list. They are still in short term memory.

48
Q

Evidence that their are different kinds of longe term memory

A

PET scans; different brain structures light up based off of the information given

49
Q

What is Non-declarative memory

A

It is behavior based; the information that you have stored is learned by practice and repetition (procedural memory and classical conditioning)

50
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Everything you know, all the things you know in the world around you ( episodic memory, tags to locate memory in wider context like who, what, when, and where.)(semantic memory, everything you know that has no context behind it. You may have forgotten where you learned it)

51
Q

What is memory retrieval?

A

Is a function of overlap between conditions in storage and conditions at retrieval when you look for it

52
Q

What are retrieval cues?

A

Hints about what it is you are looking for (first letter, rhymes)

53
Q

What are context cues?

A

Similarity in the environment (when you stored it and when you retrieve it)

53
Q

What does state dependent mean?

A

Internal state of mind. When you study and when you test. Your mood and state of mind should be the same when you study and when you test.

54
Q

What are some problems with retrieval?

A

Forgetting- unable to find information you want
Inaccuracy- retiring the wrong information that you think is right.

55
Q

What is misattribution?

A

Can’t remember where you heard information so you just pick one

56
Q

What is misinformation availability?

A

How available are alternate facts that you did not witness

57
Q

What are schemas?

A

Expectations based on experience. What you think should happen because it’s always happened before. If it doesn’t. Such, you pretend it does.

58
Q

What can eye witness testimony lead to?

A

Can lead to wrong imprisonment; this is one of the biggest places where memory inaccuracy is present/common.

59
Q

Why is eye witness testimony so persuasive?

A

Most eye witnesses are very confident in what they remember is true. The more sure someone is the more likely we are to believe them.

PROBLEM! The more confident the less likely it’s accurate.

60
Q

What makes eye witness mistakes occur so often?

A
  • large amount of time between witnessing the event and being called to testify
  • age matters; the older you are, the less accurate
  • if you want to help law enforcement (you tell them what they want
    -opportunity of in accurate information getting in.
61
Q

What is cross cultural studies?

A

Use standard forms of measurement to compared people from different cultures and identify their differences.

62
Q

What is cultural studies?

A

Scientists spend time studying and observing one culture at a time and conduct interviews.

63
Q

What does culture versatility mean?

A

Culture can change and adapt and change

64
Q

What is cultural sharing?

A

Culture is a product of people sharing w one another their knowledge or beliefs

65
Q

What is cultural accumulation?

A

Cultural knowledge that is stored and remembered

66
Q

What are cultural patterns?

A

Systematic and predictable ways of behavior within members of other cultures

67
Q

What is Cultural intelligence?

A

The ability to understand why members of other cultures act in ways they do

68
Q

What is individualism?

A

Individuals that seek freedom and prefer to voice their own opinions and make their own decisions.

69
Q

What is collectivism?

A

Collectivist emphasize their connectedness to others. They are more likely to sacrifice their personal preferences if those preferences come in conflict with the preferences of the larger group.

70
Q

What is self construal?

A

The way that people understand themselves and how they “fit” in with others.
Independent people would say “I am smart”
Interdependent people would say “I am a sister”

71
Q

What is central route persuasion?

A

Direct and logical; keeps audience motivated

72
Q

What is peripheral persuasion?

A

Superficial cues that have little to do w logic but more to do with emotion.

73
Q

What are fixed action patterns?

A

Sequenced behaviors that occurs in exactly the same fashion. “Auto pilot”

74
Q

What are Heuristics.

A

Mental shortcuts

75
Q

Why does mindless thinking occur?

A

Coping with an overload of information

76
Q

Why do we forget stuff?

A

-Encoding failures
-decay
-interference
-inadequate retrieval cues
- trying not to rember

77
Q

What is anterograde?

A

Amnesia that makes it unable to learn new information

78
Q

What is retrograde?

A

Amnesia that refers to an inability to retrieve old memories that occurred before the onset of amnesia.

79
Q

What is Declarative memory?

A

Conscious memory for facts and events

80
Q

What are the two forms of intelligence?

A

One ability- single underlying skill that leads to all your intelligence

Many abilities- people who think intelligence comes from many things

81
Q

How do we measure intelligence?

A

David Wechsler; divided intelligence measurements into verbal IQ and performance IQ.

82
Q

How do sex differences work with intelligence?

A

Men have been known to be better at math and science while women are better at verbal tests and memory tests. (Usually disappears in high school)

Intro to psychology (2 decks)

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