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Animal Behavior > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Optimal Foraging Model Definition

A

addresses the optimization of food type, patch choice, time spent in different patches, and movement patterns

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2
Q

What do optimal foraging models focus on

A

they focus on energy as the currency for optimization, specifically energy gain per cost

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3
Q

Optimal foraging theory (OFT)definition

A

makes predictions about how animals maximize fitness while foraging

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4
Q

what are the 4 points that are significant to OFT

A
  1. individuals maximize energy intake per unit of time
  2. the energy content of a food item is the only determinant of food choice
  3. the time taken to capture a food item is the only determinant of food choice
  4. a higher energy item might be less valuable than a lower energy item if it takes too much time to capture it
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5
Q

natural selection favors…

A

energetically efficient foraging and feeding behaviors

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6
Q

What are the trade offs in optimal foraging

A

the trade off is between energy expended in searching and energy acquired from food

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7
Q

currency in optimal foraging models is

A

the unit that animals optimize for

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8
Q

what does currency represent?

A

it represents the net energy gain per unit of time

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9
Q

Why do animals adopt foraging strategies?

A

they adopt strategies to provide the most energy for the lowest cost

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10
Q

What is the best strategy?

A

The optimal decision rule

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11
Q

how can one determine the best model

A

by identifying the currency and constraints

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12
Q

Constraints in the foraging model can include…

A

limits to foraging efficiency

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13
Q

What are some hypotheses about the limitations?

A

feature of the environment, and physiology

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14
Q

optimal diet model is also called…

A

the prey choice or contingency model

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15
Q

what does the optimal diet model predict

A

it predicts that foragers should ignore low-profit prey when more profitable prey is available and that there are different diets based on search times

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16
Q

what does profitability depends on

A

it depends on energy provided by prey, handling time, and search time

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17
Q

functional response curves show…

A

the rate of prey capture as a function of food density

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18
Q

What theory is used with function response curves to predict foraging behavior

A

optimal diet theory

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19
Q

type 1 curve shows

A

rate of prey capture increases linearly with food density (as prey density rises, predators capture prey faster)

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20
Q

at high prey density for type 1 curves, what does the predator choose?

A

predators choose prey with the highest E/H (energy gain per handling time)

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21
Q

type 2 curves show…

A

rate of prey capture increases but then levels off due to handling time limitations (as food density increases, handling time also increases)

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22
Q

at high prey density for type 2 curves, predators choose to…

A

spend more time handling prey. this leads to diminishing returns

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23
Q

type 3 curve shows…

A

a sigmoid curve with an initial increase and later decrease in prey capture rate (high prey densities lead to selective prey capture)

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24
Q

at low prey densities for type 3 curves, predators do what?

A

predators capture prey quickly and switch preferences based on E/H

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25
Q

Marginal Value Theorem (MVT) is applied to….

A

optimal foraging, especially when deciding to leave a food patch

26
Q

what factors impact MVT?

A

prey depletion, increased difficulty in catching prey, search time constraints, and traveling time between patches

27
Q

Starlings optimize net energy gain by…

A

traveling longer. this results in a larger optimum load of food

28
Q

What happens overtime with the starlings as they forage within a patch?

A

they experience diminishing returns. starlings are able to hold so many within their bill making there a tradeoff between handling time and traveling time

29
Q

Coevolution definition

A

the reciprocal evolutionary change between interacting species and is driven by natural selection

30
Q

coevolution requiers what?

A

reciprocal evolutionary changes between interacting species driven by natural selection

31
Q

coevolution involves what type of relationships?

A

mutualistic, commensal, or predatory relationships

32
Q

What did Darwin predict with the Star Orchid?

A

the existence of a moth pollinator for the star orchid based on the nectary length

33
Q

What did Wallace explain in “Creation by Law”?

A

that pollination requires a struggle by the proboscis to reach the nectary, shorter orchids were not pollinated due to little struggle between the nectary and the moth to release the pollen

34
Q

who said “good heavens what insect can suck it?”

A

Darwin

35
Q

Georgraphic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution states that…

A

prey impose selection pressure on predators leading to coevolutionary dynamics.

36
Q

What drives prey evolution

A

the asymmetry in the “life-dinner principle”

37
Q

Evolution Definition

A

a change in allele frequency in a population over time

38
Q

Allele definition

A

a version of a gene that can vary

39
Q

Example of Alleles

A

human blood types: A, B, and O are alleles for the blood type gene

40
Q

How may alleles code for water beetles’ different colors

A

Three

41
Q

What causes for some water beetles colors to be favored?

A

predation pressure

42
Q

natural selection definition

A

differential survival and reproduction of individuals based on phenotype

43
Q

what are the 5 selective pressures of natural selection?

A
  1. Predation 2. competition 3. reproduction 4. acquiring nutrients 5. abiotic factors
44
Q

What is a good example of natural selection during the industrial revolution?

A

White colored moths and dark colored moths

45
Q

What coloration was favored before the industrial revolution?

A

White coloraiton

46
Q

What coloration was favored after the industrial revolution and why

A

Dark coloration. The blended into the trees/polluted environment more than the white coloration before the industrial revolution. this lead to a shift in allele frequencies

47
Q

Sexual selection definition

A

A form of natural selection focused on mating success

48
Q

What does sexual selection involve

A

it involves one sex selecting for specific traits in the opposite sex

49
Q

True or false: sexual selection drives variation in reproductive strategies among animals

A

True

50
Q

What is sexual selection like in many species?

A

Many species are female driven sexual selection due to the fact that females are choosier due to higher parental investment

51
Q

What are the different reproductive strategies?

A

Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

52
Q

what do males do for female driven sexual selection?

A

they produce sounds to attract mating

53
Q

Where is the sound received?

A

the tympana

54
Q

what is the type of competition where male provide more parental care?

A

during male-male competition

55
Q

during sexual conflict, what usually happens?

A

the female’s lifespan is reduced

56
Q

What are pollination syndromes?

A

a development driven by pollinators in which phylogenetically unrelated flowers match the preference of their pollinators in form, color, and scent

57
Q

What was the purpose of the study read for class?

A

the purpose was to provide evidence to support Darwin’s hypothesis that the pollinator and their preferred flower coevolved to match the pollinator, specifically looking at the hawkmoth, and its preferred flower species, which matches its proboscis

58
Q

Why isn’t it beneficial for moths to simply feed on nectar from the longest flowers, where more nectar might be found?

A

the amount of nectar does not directly correlated to the energy gained and energy expended to achieve the nectar. The study determined that N. alata was the most energy balanced flower that M. sexta fed from

59
Q

Describe the flight response of M. sexta when it encounters a desirable floral plume

A

M. sexta prefers flowers with corolla length matching its proboscis length, with odor encounter rate being highest in the core of the plume. It navigates without bisual cues and responds with casting flights when lost. N. alata and N. sylvestris also guide it by triggering upwind speeds.

60
Q

What were some of the problems associated with M. sexta feeding on flowers significantly longer and shorter than its proboscis length?

A

The study found that the energy gained from nectar is unrelated to flower length, and M. sexta receives less energy in shorter flowers due to low handling. Feeding on N. alata results in a significant positive net-energy gain.

Animal Behavior (3 decks)

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