Exam 3 Flashcards
What is motor behavior?
describes the study of interactions between physiological and psychological processes of the body
What are the categories of motor behavior?
- motor development
- motor learning
- motor control
What is motor development?
study of motor behaviors that change through maturation over a lifespan
What is motor learning?
study of how skilled movements are learned from practice or experience that leads to permanent change in neural control and muscle actions
What is motor control?
study of how the brain and spinal cord plan and perform movement
What do motor learning and motor control have in common?
- theories of control
- control systems
What do motor control and motor development have in common?
- neuromuscular function
- biomechanic function
What do motor development and motor learning have in common?
- information processing
- memory
- practice organization
List the life-span stages of motor development.
- prenatal
- infancy
- early childhood and later childhood
- adolescence
- adulthood
- older adulthood
Describe the prenatal stage of motor development.
pregnant mother influences factors that get carried on through the infancy stage
- positive factors: nutrition, proper weight gain, physical fitness
- negative factors: drugs and alcohol usage, heredity and environmental factors, and medical problems during birth
Describe the infancy stage of motor development.
movements associated with basic human needs
- landmark movements: crawling, walking, hand and arm movement
Describe the early childhood stage of motor development.
2 to 6 years old and carry specific movements over from the infancy stage
- improvement of specific movement patterns and fundamental movement skills through every day activities
- still unaware of proprioception and body awareness
Describe the late childhood stage of motor development.
6 to 10 years old and are refining movement patterns, sense of direction, and spatial awareness
- become more aware of body capacity and abilities
Describe the adolescence stage of motor development.
large improvements in motor skills and performance
- sexual maturation between males and females that create a wider gap between advances and motor movements
Describe the adulthood stage of motor development.
Individuals peak physical and motor performance and are driven by motivation and opportunities
- females: 22-25 years old
- males: 29 years old
Describe the older adulthood stage of motor development.
begins around 50-60 years old and is marked by decrease in performance, cardiovascular function, muscular functions, and psychomotor function
- factors that affect rate of decline: genetics, level of physical activity, nutritional intake
What is crystal intelligence?
ability to store information in the brain from previous experiences
What is fluid intelligence?
individual’s ability to make new and unique connections that measures brain health
What is information processing?
determining and organizing what information is critical for movement to allow muscles to coordinate a response
What are the stages of information processing?
- input/stimulus recognition
- decision making/response selection
- output/response programming
What are the three types of memory in the multistory memory model?
- sensory memory
- short term memory
- long term memory
Describe sensory memory.
unlimited store of information collected using the 5 senses, but only for a very short period of time
Describe short term memory.
storage of about 7-12 items that are mainly auditory for up to 18 seconds
- can be extended beyond 30 seconds using maintenance rehearsal and systematic grouping
Describe long term memory.
information from short term memory that is deemed important enough to go to long term memory
- unlimited store capacity and duration but can be forgotten once retrieval fails
- elaborative rehearsal links new information with information already in long term memory
How are oxygen levels affected with age and exercise?
- reduction in cardiovascular functions lower oxygen levels in the brain
- high cardiovascular function and exercise slows cognitive decline due to increased oxygen
What is variability of practice?
repeating the same motor skill can impeded practice performance but increase motor control
What is summary knowledge of results?
feedback given to an individual following completion of several trials of a skill or movement
What is fading knowledge of results?
reduction in the amount of results given during a practice session to solve fine motor skill problems
What is part-whole practice?
high complexity and low organization that teaches complex motor skills and movements
- low complexity and high organization would be practicing the skills as a whole
What is task complexity?
complexity of motor problem where performance suffers when a skill becomes more challenging
What is a challenge point?
motor learning increases with increased task difficulty
What is relative task difficulty and why is it important?
difficulty required to complete a motor task relative to an individual’s ability
- important for proficiency of an individual when task difficulty increases
What does the cerebellum do?
coordinates voluntary movements, posture, and balance
What does the basal ganglia do?
helps choose and organize how one performs basic and complex movements
What does the motor cortex do?
plans, controls, and executes voluntary motor functions while receiving feedback from the body to create a motor response
What are the three cortexes of the motor cortex?
- primary motor cortex
- supplementary motor cortex
- premotor cortex
What does the primary motor cortex do?
generates neural impulses that pass through the spinal cord and controls body movements
What does the supplementary motor cortex do?
collects and processes information from other areas of the brain to organize movements
What does the premotor cortex do?
receives sensory information from neurons to help the body with proprioception and to initiate a plan for stabilization during action of a movement
What are the general motor control systems?
sends information to coordinate muscle contraction and relaxation to execute a movement and receive information
Explain the difference between an open and closed loop feedback system.
open loop: prepared movement through predefined motor commands with no feedback
closed loop: muscle action can be altered during performance for changes with feedback to have desired outcome
What is biomechanics?
study of the body at rest and in motion using principles from physics, mechanics, and engineering
What are static biomechanics?
objects at rest of moving at a constant velocity
What are dynamic biomechanics?
objects speeding up or slowing down
What are the three types of body motion?
- linear motion
- angular motion
- general motion
What is linear motion?
all points of the body moving in the same direction and traveling at the same speed and distance
What is angular motion?
movement around an imaginary axis of rotation
- example: shoulder press
What is general motion?
combination of translation and angular movements
example: walking
What are the two types of linear motion?
- rectilinear translation
- curvilinear translation
What is rectilinear translation?
type of linear motion where all points of the body move in a straight line in the same direction
- example: cycling
What is curvilinear translation?
type of linear motion where all points of the body move in the same direction with curved paths
- example: jumping on a trampoline
What are the three planes of motion?
- frontal plane
- transverse plane
- sagittal plane
What body movements are within the sagittal plane?
flexion, extension, and hyperextension
What body movements are within the frontal plane?
abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation, depression, deviation, eversion, and inversion
What body movements are within the transverse plane?
rotation, supination, pronation, abduction, and adduction
What is qualitative analysis?
use of subjective and descriptive terms to evaluate movement and performance that requires knowledge of techniques exhibited by the performer and the performance outcomes
What are the steps/requirements of qualitative analysis of human movement?
- identify the correct technique of the movement
- conduct an observation of the movement by the participant
- perform an evaluation of the movement
- provide feedback and instruction to participant
- repeat steps 2-4 until proper technique is perceived - participant is related to perform movement
What are kinetics of the human body?
mechanical loads of the human body
What are mechanical loads
external forces acting on an object that depends on direction, duration, and magnitude of the force
What are the three basic concepts related to mechanical loads?
- compressive force (compression)
- tensile force (tension)
- shear force
What is compressive force?
force that leads to shorten or squeeze something, decreasing its volume
What is tensile force?
force that tends to stretch or elongate something
What is shear force?
force in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance
What is torsion?
twist around a longitudinal axis when one end of the structure is fixed
- example: ballet dancer spinning
What are the 2 outcomes of loading?
- acceleration
- deformation
What is acceleration?
rate of change in velocity of an object
What is deformation?
external force causes change in shape or structure of an object
What happens if too much force is applied?
potential for injury
- distribution of the force is important for determining injury
- deformation causes fractures and ruptures of soft tissue
What is a chronic load?
external loads applied to the body and positive adaptations occur
- example: chronic resistance training results in increased bone density and strength
What is an acute load?
a single force that causes an injury from repeated action of relatively small forces on the body over time
- example: long distance running may contribute to stress fractures
What are complex movements?
movements requiring coordination between the nervous and musculoskeletal systems
What are projectiles?
a biomechanics principle associated with complex movements that fly through the air free of external forces
What is the kinetic link principle and what are its two principles?
basic principles that guide the body’s kinetic link system
1. sequential movements
2. simultaneous movements
What are sequential movements?
high velocity movements generated during the last part of performance or movement that happen in a sequential order
- example: baseball pitch
What are simultaneous movements?
movement of the body that requires engagement of varying degrees of resistance
- bench press
What are the areas of study in biomechanics?
- clinical
- ergonomics
- sports
- training
What are some applications of clinical biomechanics?
- understanding movement patterns of healthy individuals
- improve physical function of the body
What is ergonomics?
interactions between humans, objects, and the environment to improve lifestyle efficiency and to prevent the risk of injury and pain
In ergonomics, what factors worsen musculoskeletal pain and injury?
forceful exertion, awkward posture, localized contact loads, repetitive motion
What types of improvements are associated with sports biomechanics?
- technique improvements through used qualitative analysis
- equipment improvements can contribute to improved performance
What is training in association with biomechanics?
analysis of skill performance to improve strength and overall performance
What are plyometric exercises?
a type of training biomechanics that can be applied to enhance power and force production
How is injury prevention included in training biomechanics?
helps to identify factors that have caused injury and look for ways to improve prevention
How is exercise defined in exercise science?
evaluation of physical, physiological, and psychological attributes that provides insight to the overall wellbeing of an athlete
What is fitness and functional capacity testing?
assesses an individuals fitness and performance capabilities
What is diagnostic testing?
identifies the presence of a disease condition, risk factors, or a current injury
List some pretesting guidelines for exercise science assessments.
validity and reliability, proper clothing, sufficient warm-up prior to testing, and controlling environmental conditions
List some individual issues to control for exercise science assessments.
time of day, rest/sleep of client, hydration status, and medications
What is laboratory/clinical testing?
testing in a controlled environment with protocols and equipment that mimic the athletes physical activity setting
What is field testing?
testing in the environment the individual is actually performing
What are cardiovascular and pulmonary assessments used for?
have the ability to influence potential success in performance
What is the equipment used for cardiovascular and pulmonary assessment?
treadmills and ergometers
Why is a treadmill useful?
intensity is controlled by changing speed and grade
What is the difference between a cycle ergometer and a recumbent cycle ergometer?
cycle ergometer: seated and pedaling
recumbent cycle ergometer: seated and using arms to pedal
What does the metabolic cart measure?
- volume of air inhaled and exhaled
- amount of oxygen consumed
- amount of carbon dioxide produced
- indirect calorimetry
What is indirect calorimetry?
information obtained from the metabolic cart that can determine energy expenditure and the relative amounts of carbohydrate and fat usage during exercise
What are the two musculoskeletal assessments?
- electromyography
- force platforms
What is an electromyography and what are the two different types?
records electrical activity within skeletal muscles through electrical stimulation
- intramuscular EMG: insertion of a needle
- surface EMG: pads placed on skin
What is a force platform?
provides a measure of force production by muscles using voltage signals proportionally to the forces exerted on the platform
What is a handgrip dynamometer?
measure force production of the lower arm to evaluate overall upper body strength/grip strength
What is an isokinetic dynamometer?
measures static and dynamic muscular forces and movements at a constant velocity during isometric and isokinetic movements to measure force production of muscles and joints
What is a muscle biopsy, and what can it measure?
needle insertion through muscle fascia to assess level of substrates and metabolites
What are the types of motor performance assessments?
- goniometers
- potentiometers
- motion capturing systems
What is a goniometer?
records angle movement and range of motion of joints
What is a potentiometer?
voltage signal send to a computer to analyze outputs of movement
What is a motion capturing system?
digital recording of the body using reflective tape to assess motor performance
What are energy balance assessments?
assessments of energy intake to determine nutritional involvement in sports performance
What are the two most common field methods of energy balance assessments?
- dietary recall
- dietary record
How can we measure energy expenditure?
oxygen consumption + RER
- RER is determined from carbon dioxide produced divided by oxygen consumption
- can be measured with a metabolic cart
What does respiratory exchange ratio measure?
carbohydrate and fat metabolism
What is doubly labeled water?
measurement of energy expenditure in a free-living condition without the need to be hooked up to equipment by drinking an isotope based solution
What is a whole room indirect calorimeter?
testing oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production in a small room occupied for a specific period of time
- limitation: individuals cannot perform active daily lifestyle
What are the four other assessment techniques we need to know?
- pedometers
- accelerometers
- physical activity questionnaires
- heart rate monitors
What are body composition assessments?
tests that estimate an individual’s risk for disease and can help determine effectiveness of nutritional and exercise training interventions
What are the four types of body composition assessments?
- densitometry
- DXA
- skinfold measurements
- bioelectrical impedance
What is densitometry?
measurement techniques using body mass and body volume
What are the two types of densitometry?
- hydrostatic weighing
- air displacement plethysmography
What is hydrostatic weighing?
subjects weight outside the water and submerged in the water to calculate percent body fat
What is air displacement plethysmography?
measures body volume through the inverse relationship between pressure and volume
What is DXA?
3-compartment model where different tissues of the body absorb and reflect X rays at varying waves and can portion out lean and fat mass
What are skin fold measurements?
2-compartment model where a percentage of total body fat lies beneath the surface of the skin to measure body density
- limitation: highest rate of error
What is bioelectrical impedance?
2-3 compartment model that sends low voltage electrical current though the body in which the speed of the current can determine the percent of lean tissue and fat mass
