Exam 3 Flashcards
What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the modifications of organisms, cells, and their molecules for practical benefits
What are the three applications of biotechnology?
Agricultural, medicine, environmental
What are the two cancer vaccines?
Hepatitis B vaccine, cervarix and gerdasil
What are the three biotechnology techniques?
DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and gel electrophoresis
What is DNA extraction?
Involves breaking the nucleus in order to isolate DNA
Polymerase chain reaction
It is DNA replication in a tube
Gel electrophoresis
Separate DNA based on size, DNA is partially negative and runs towards positive end of the gel
What is rDNA?
rDNA is when two different DNA from two different sources are joined
Example of rDNA?
Insulin
What is restriction enzyme ?
DNA cutting enzyme, recognizes specific short sequences/target audience
Genetic modification
Methods used to alter the genetic composition of an organism
Genetic engineering
Genetic modification that involves the intentional introduction of a new gene sequence
What is the universal receiver?
Type ab
What blood type is the universal donor?
Type O
Where does meiosis take place?
In the reproductive cells only
What does meiosis produce?
Gametes, sperm and egg
What is meiosis used for?
Sexual reproduction
Number of cells generated in meiosis?
4
Is the daughter cell identical?
No
When does meiosis occur ?
After sexual maturity
What is meiosis regulated by?
Sex hormones
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase
End result of telophase and cytokinesis?
2 haploid cells with 3 duplicated chromosomes
End result of second round meiosis?
4 haploid cells, with 3 unduplicated chromosomes
Autosomal dominant genetic disease?
Heterozygous or homozygous dominant will have disease,homozygous recessive will not
Autosomal recessive, genetic disease?
Only homozygous recessive will have the gene, heterozygous are carriers
What is incomplete dominance ?
One allele is not completely dominant over another
What is the result of incomplete dominance?
Blended phenotype, purple flower + white flower = lavender flower
What is codominance?
Both alleles are fully expressed
Type A
A antigens, B antibodies
Type B
B antigens, A antibodies
Type ab
A and B antigens, neither antibodies
Type o
Neither antigens, both A and B antibodies
Epigenetic
Involves tags on genomes that act as switches, causing changes in gene expression
