exam 3 Flashcards
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development (Pre-operational) (2-7) (Middle Childhood)
Ability to represent objects
through symbols, including
language; strong
attachment to symbols,
increased desire to play.
-At the end of this stage, children
are becoming more logical.
-They can solve problems, but
aren’t skilled at explaining how or
why they think the way they do.
-Around 6/7, kids are beginning to
understand time, and have
advancing language skills.
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development (Concrete Operational) (7-11) (Middle Childhood)
Ability to manipulate
symbols and ideas; strong
tie to logic and concrete
ways of thinking.* Improved use of logic
* Less egocentric,
understand others have
their own thoughts and
feelings
* Rigid in rules
* Understand concepts of
reversibility and
conservation
Brain Development in Middle Childhood
- Forebrain and Midbrain feedback loops shift, helps to facilitate changes
in thoughts and behavior - Brain synapses that children enter middle childhood with are gradually
eliminated if not used - “Use it or Lose it”
- Pruning process is continued* Cerebral Cortex: Outer layer of gray matter in the human brain
that is thought to be responsible for complex, high level
intellectual functions - Memory, language, reasoning
- Ongoing positive and diverse learning experiences enriches on cognitive
growth during these years
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
(Conventional) (Middle Childhood)
At age 9-10, children enter second stage
of moral development, Conventional
Moral Reasoning. This is morality based
on approval of authority or upholding
societal standards
Gilligan, Feminist Perspective
Argue that girls have a higher sense of
interrelation intelligence; these skills
shape moral development during middle
childhood
How to Help Children Develop Strong Morals
- Supportive caregiver relationships improve a child’s capacity to
understand or focus on the needs of others - Talk about feelings, decision making process, empathy for diverse
groups of people and experiences - Practice what you preach, children are able to start noticing
discrepancies
Ericksons Stages of Psychosocial Development (Industry vs Inferiority) (6-12) (Middle Childhood)
- Development of mastery and
competency - Failing, then learning to succeed
is necessary - External appraisal must be
supportive, encouraging, and
genuine
Risk Factors in Middle Childhood
- POVERTY
- FAMILY IN THE WORKFORCE
- FAMILY AND COMMUNITY VIOLENCE
- NEURODIVERSITY/DISABILITIES
- MENTAL HEALTH
- FAMILY DISRUPTION
- CHILD MALTREATMENT
Protective Factors in Middle Childhood
- Nurturing relationships
- Exposure to adaptive coping strategies
- Access to resources
- Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs)
- Felt able to talk to your family about your feelings?
- Felt your family stood by you during trying times?
- Enjoyed participating in community traditions?
- Felt a sense of belonging in school?
- Felt supported by friends?
- Had at least one parent (adult) who took a genuine interest in you?
- Felt safe and protected by an adult in your home?
Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development (Formal Operations) (12-adult) (Adolescence)
Ability to use abstract and hypothetical thinking
Able to plan a quickly organized approach to problem solve
Development of metacognition (thinking about thinking)
WHO AM I?
Ericksons Psychosocial Stages of Development (Identity vs Role Confusion) (11-20) (Adolescence)
Exploring independence, development of sense of self
Development of strong sense of will or insecurity about the future
Peer relationships are of primary importance
What is the wackiest thing you did to try to fit in with a group as an adolescent?
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development (Post-conventional) (Adolescence)
During this stage, people develop an abstract understanding of principles of morality
Social Contract and Individual Rights
Universal Principles
Not all people reach postconventional stage of morality
Conventional morality, based on social rules, is the stage many stay in.
Some adolescents enter into this stage of moral development.
Risk Factors in (Adolescence)
Time spent in chronic poverty
Alcoholic or psychotic parents
Moderate to severe physical disability
Developmentally disabled peers
School problems in middle childhood
Conflicted relationships with peers
Family disruptions
Abuse of alcohol and drugs
Unsafe sex
Teen pregnancy/parenting
School failure
Protective Factors in (Adolescence)
Easy temperament
Positive social orientation in early childhood
Positive peer relationships in middle childhood
Non-sex-typed extracurricular activities and hobbies in middle childhood
Nurturing from nonparental figures
Family creativity
Social support in school setting
Good family relationships
Giving adolescents a voice
Social Development/changes in (Middle Childhood)
Identity Development:
-depends on social networks of privilege(power) and exclusion(Powerless)
-emotional, spiritual, social, and economic capital/resources shapes likelihood of of socioeconomic and educational success
Zone of Proximal Development:
-child’s development level and the child’s potential if given access to appropriate models and experiences in social environment
Bullying:
-character education programs
-direct bullying (physical)
-indirect bullying (verbal, psychological, relational, cyber)
-cyber bullying largely impacts girls
Peer Groups:
-group norms-sensitive to their peers standards for behavior, appearance, and attitudes
-social competence-the ability to engage in sustained , positive, and mutually satisfactory social interactions and relationships
-peer acceptance is a powerful preditor in psychological adjustment-popular, rejected, contraversal, neglected, average
Changes:
-friendships transform from playmates to confidants emotionally supported
-more active participation in team/group activities
-positive outcomes include-interdependence, cooperation, comprehension of division of labor, and healthy competition
Gender Identity Roles in (Middle Childhood)
-well established in most school aged children (Are not typically as rigid about gender roles)
-if a child experiences gender dysmorphia at a young age they are more likely to experience gender variance in adolescence
-puberty suspession/supression through hormonal treatments is avalible and possible to give time to solidify gender identity
-LGBTQ youth are more vulnerable to social isolation and other negative social experiences
Spiritual Development in (Middle Childhood)
-becoming aware of ones potential and possibility , becoming aware of the interception of ones life with others, nature, and the universe, connecting and linking the self and ones potentials to ideals and narratives, and developing a life orientation that generates hope, purpose, and compassion
Social Developmental/changes in (Adolescence)
Identity Development:
-identity diffussion-no commitment made to roles and values, with or without exploration
-foreclosure-commitment made to roles and values without exploration
-moritorium-exploration of roles and values, without commitment
-identity acheivment-exloration of goals and values followed by commitment
-puperty
-pressure to conform to specific appearance ideals
-social medias impact on body image
Relationships with Family:
-individualization-the development of a self or identity that is unique and seperate (prioritized in western cultures)
-poor sibling relationships
-families are still central source of support
Relationship With Peers:
-Associate more closely with peers than family
Shifts from same sex friends to mixed sex friends during adolescence.
-Poor stability of friendships
-Cliques/Crowds: social groups organized around common interests.
-Can influence behavior negatively
-romantic feelings/dating starts
-drug use more likley
Bullying:
-verbal, social, relational, physical
-higher prevelence in girls
-depression and suicide rates are higher
Changes in Cognition:
-Improved Reasoning Skills
-The ability to consider a range of possibilities, to think hypothetically, and to engage in logical analysis
Abstract Thinking
-The ability to imagine things not seen or experienced
Metacognition
-The ability to think about thinking
Gender Identity and Roles in (Adolescence)
-Gender Identity: How one perceives one’s gender; begins in early childhood but is elaborated on and revised during adolescence.
-Gender Expression: How individuals express their gender; may include how they dress, general appearance, the way they speak, or the way they carry themselves
-Gender Roles: Societal expectations on how individuals should act, think, or feel based on their assigned gender or biological sex.
-Cisgender: Gender identity matches assigned
gender/biological sex.
-Gender Dysphoria: When individuals experience significant distress about the incongruence between their assigned gender and their experienced gender. (Replaced Gender Identity Disorder in DSM5)
Experience of DISTRESS, NOT INCONGRUENCE
-Trans: Umbrella term for those who identity as the opposite gender than assigned at birth or are uncomfortable with gender binary.
Puberty suppressants are appropriate to use for trans youth and can be reversed at any time
At 16 or “at age where mental capacity to give informed consent” gender affirming hormones can be given; partly irreversible
Sexuality:
-Sex Hormone peaks in blood at age 10-12, when most start being aware of sexual feelings
-Risk Factors for Early Sexual Behavior: early puberty, poor parent-adolescent communication, weak parental monitoring, poor school performance, sexually active peers
-14-17 year olds: 74% boys and 48% of girls masturbate
-Sexual activity is the same in US as other developed countries, but rates of pregnancy/childbearing are higher
–Less contraception
–Reproductive health services more available
–Sexuality education is more comprehensively integrated
Sexual Orientation:
-Sexual Orientation: erotic, romantic, and affectionate attraction to people of the same sex (gay/lesbian), opposite sex (heterosexual), both sexes (bisexual), or none (asexual)
-Coming out process happens earlier; but can face increased risk of harassment
-“Youth with a sexual orientation other than heterosexual are much more likely than heterosexual youth to change self-identification and sexual behavior over a 10-year period”.
-Sexual minority youth: higher emotional distress, depression, self-harm, suicidal thinking, and suicidal attempts: higher participation in risky behaviors.
-Protective factors: supportive family, friends, adults outside the family, connections to school, spirituality/religiosity
Pregnacy/ChildBirth:
Birth rate with mothers aged 15-19
-1990: 61.8 per 1000
-2017: 18.8 per 1000
Increase risk for mother and baby
-In addition to physical risks for both, more likely for both parents to drop out or discontinue school, be underemployed, poorer outcomes
-Unable to engage in the developmental tasks of adolescents like their peers
-higher rates for sexually transmitted diseases
Spiritual Development in (Adolescence)
Spirituality: A personal search for meaning and relationship with the sacred, whether that is found in deity or some other life force
Religiosity: Comprises beliefs and actions associated with an organized religious institution
Majority of US teens identity as Christian, 84% believe in God
Five Clusters of Spirituality/Religiosity:
-Neither spiritual or religious (14.2% 11th, 13.4% 12th)
-Disconnected Wonderers (35.9% 11th, 44..6% 12th)
-High spirituality/high religiosity (16/7% 11th, 8.3% 12th)
-Primarily Spiritual (14.3% 11th, 25.8% 12th)
-Meditators (9% 11th, 7.9% 12th)
