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Nero > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The process by which the body achieves a stable, balanced internal environment

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2
Q

set points

A

the points where the Physiological systems functions best

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3
Q

set zone

A

range within which a physiological system can function

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4
Q

negative feedback

A

when homeostasis counteracts the deviation of a set point

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5
Q

Thermoregulation

A

proses by which the body maintains an ideal temperature

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6
Q

Preoptic area

A

POA, takes care of the physiological responces that raise body temp

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7
Q

shivering

A

heat generating heat through metabolic burn required for motions

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8
Q

construction of blood vessels in bods exterior

A

reduced blood flow makes skin and fat more effective as insulations

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9
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

is the part of the hypothalamus to seek heat sources

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10
Q

Osmotic thirst

A

Body filled with water- when fluid levels drop salt concentration in the fluid of the cells increase.
Caused by upswing in salt levels via salt consumption or urination

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11
Q

Hypovolemic thirst

A

Decrease in bodily fluids; blood and sweating
happens even if salt levels don’t drop

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12
Q

osmosensory neurons

A

found in the circumventricular organs
detect changes in the concentration of salt in the cerebrospinal fluid of ventricular system

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13
Q

circumventricular organs

A

when fluid is salty around the osmosensory neurons they shrink. when not salty it swells

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14
Q

Osmosis

A

difusion of solvent molecules across a permeable membrain

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15
Q

What is homeostasis and how does it occur?

A

Homeostasis is the process by which the body achieves a stable, balanced internal environment. Occures through the maintenance of optimall set point at which a given physiological system functions

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16
Q

Explain how homeostasis operates based on negative feedback

A

When there is negative feedback homeostasis counteracts it by doing the opposite in order to find the set point again.

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17
Q

Is thermoregulation also behavioral?

A

Theramorgan is partially behavioral when the temp outside the body is to cold you can take action to prevent heat loss

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18
Q

How does the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus help to raise body temperature in response to the cold?

A

Through two types: Shivering, Construction of blood vessels: reduces blood flow makes skin and fat better at insolation.

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19
Q

How do the lateral hypothalamus and POA differ in their role for thermoregulation?

A

One is behavioral (seaking out heat like sun or fire)

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20
Q

What are the two forms of thirst that serve as motivational responses for fluid regulation?

A

Osmotic thirst: your body is filled with salt water when fluid levels drop, salt concentrations in the fluid between your cells increase. This kind of thirst is triggered by upswing in salt levels via urination

Hypovolemic thirst: decrease volume of bodily fluids, such as blood, triggered even if salt concentrations are not affected.

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21
Q

Name the three regions that comprise the circumventricular organs

A

Subfornical organ, OVOLT, Area postrema

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22
Q

. The circumventricular organs

A

contain osmosensory neurons that detect changes in the concentration of salt in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the ventricular system (select the choice that best completes the statement).

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23
Q

When the fluid around the osmosensory neurons is too salty, they —–

A

Shrink

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24
Q

When it is not salty enough, they —

A

swell

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25
Q

——-causes a generator potential that makes the osmosensory neuron more likely to fire an action potential.

A

shrinking

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26
Q

POA also triggers physiological responses by causing the release of the hormone vasopressin from the pituitary gland.

A
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27
Q

What amino acid is the chemical basis of the neurotransmitter serotonin?

A

Tryptophan

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28
Q

Which physiological responses ensure that an optimal level of glucose is available to be metabolized?

A

Insulin

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29
Q

type 1 diabeates

A

Type-I diabetes is Juvenile-onset and occurs when the pancreas stops making insulin

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30
Q

type 2

A

Type-II is adult-onset and occurs when cells no longer respond to insulin

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31
Q

Basal metabolism energy goes towards

A

heat production, Maintenance of Ion gradients, and Life-sustaining cellular processes

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32
Q

What is located in the hypothalamus that monitors the levels of various hunger and satiety relevant hormones?

A

Arcuate nucleus

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33
Q

Differentiate between POMC neurons and NPY neurons

A

POMC: inhibits hunger
NPY: promoted feeding

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34
Q

List three hunger and satiety hormones

A

Ghrelin: drops after eating, high levels activate NPY
Insulin: response to food, high insulin activates POMC, Low activated NPY, increases satiety
Leptin: released from fat cells. Circulating leptin reduces hunger and produces satiety. POMC activated

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35
Q

The body is adapted to —— not —- (select the choice that best completes the statement)

A

scarcity; excess

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36
Q

Name an example of a biological rhythm and some of the processes that fluctuate on that cycle

A

Circadian Rhythms

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37
Q

Explain how the internal clock is synced up with the external environment

A

Zeitgebers: Light signals something about time of day, sum up and down

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38
Q

Where in the brain is the circadian clock located?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

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39
Q

What pathway is specifically designed to sync the circadian clock up with the time of day?

A

SCN gets direct input from a population of ganglion cells in the retina that carry info about phase shift in light levels.

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40
Q

Without the SCN, sleep patterns become ——

A

Random

41
Q

Name the two proteins made from SCN neurons that form the dimer that activates the genes period and cryptochrome

A

Clock and Cycle

42
Q

Two proteins result, forming a dimer, which —— the clock/cycle dimer

A

inhibits

43
Q

SCN sends information to a variety of places, including the pineal gland, which releases the hormone melatonin at night in order to facilitate sleep. The retinal ganglion cells that project to the SCN are light-sensitive

A
44
Q

Being awake is characterized by EEG activity that is ————– across the cortex

A

desynchronized

45
Q

Waking brain waves tend to be —- frequency and — amplitude

A

High; Low

46
Q

Describe the stages of sleep.

A

REM
Non-Rem: comes first 3 phases, frist is low heart rate and muscles relax, 3 phase

47
Q

What is the deepest phase of non-REM sleep? Hint: it is thought to be the most restful and restorative?

A

slow wave sleep, high aptitude non-seizure

48
Q

Do animals show non-REM and REM sleep? If so, describe.

A

yes , birds are an example where they can sleep one hemisphere

49
Q

Name at least two biological functions of sleep

A

Development: sleep more and have a higher portion of rem when younger, growth hormones also tend to be released at this time.
Memory: promotes memory storage

50
Q

Where are the neurons located that produce orexin and where do they receive input from?

A

Lateral Hypothalamus, receives info from the SCN

51
Q

Where are the neurons located that LH neurons release orexin onto?

A

reticular formation, spans the pons and medulla

52
Q

What is the function of neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)?

A

Release GABA in the reticular formation inhibiting it and decreasing wakefulness

53
Q

Humans with narcolepsy have been shown to possess ——- numbers of orexin neurons

A

Reduced

54
Q
A
55
Q

Name sleep disorders besides narcolepsy

A

Sleep paralysis
Rem behavior disorder

56
Q

What is the locationist definition of emotion?

A

A distinct psychological state triggered by an external stimulus af situation (reactive)

57
Q

Explain the process of how emotions organize a coordinated response

A

Have a stimulus than an appraisal that detects the vibe of what just happened then you get the emotion that shows through Psychology feeling behavior facial muscles and vocal acoustics

58
Q

What is the purpose of emotions, according to this model? Describe an example of this in application.

A

survival , predator making themselves look bigger when scared to hopefully get the other thing to run away

59
Q

Describe the role of the limbic system and list out its components

A

Part of fore brain that is important for functions like emotion and memory
Contains anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus play a crucial role in emotion

60
Q

Which lobe is the amygdala located in?

A

Temporal lobe

61
Q

What is the role of the amygdala? Is it similar between various organisms?

A

Emotional processing, similar compared to other mammals

62
Q

Explain what happens after the amygdala is removed in a monkey.

A

Reduced fear and aggression
Strange food consumption

63
Q

What makes Patient SM unique

A

Her amygdala got destroyed and her startled response gets limited Overly trusting, no negative effect of a shady person

64
Q

Discuss the relationship regarding threatening stimuli and its pathways to arrival for the amygdala

A

Comes directly from sensory regions of the thalamus

65
Q

What is the constructionist definition of emotion?

A

Emotions are not elemental psychological states

66
Q

How is the core effect involved in emotion?

A

Core effect combines with other psychological processes and emotion
Emotions are a value that your brain assigns to help you understand your reaction to situations

67
Q
  1. Evidence for the constructionist approach (not a question; information from Dr. Moscarello’s slides). fMRI, basically shows what is active but it isn’t conclusive
A

a. Regions that tend to be active in fMRI studies of ANY emotion
i. The Neural Reference Space for Discrete Emotion.
1. “The neural reference space (phrase coined by Edelman [1989]) is the set of brain regions consistently activated across all studies assessing the experience or perception of anger, disgust, fear, happiness and sadness (i.e., the superordinate category emotion). Brain regions in yellow exceeded the height threshold (p.05) and regions in orange exceeded the most stringent extent-based threshold (p.001). Regions in pink and magenta correspond to lesser extent-based thresholds and are not discussed in this article. Cortex is gray, the brainstem and nucleus accumbens are green, the amygdala is blue and the cerebellum is purple.” b. Degree to which different brain regions are active across diverse emotional states. i. Proportion of Study Contrasts with Increased Activation in Four Key Brain Areas.
1. “The y-axes plot the proportion of study contrasts in our database that had increased activation within 10 mm of that brain area. The x-axes denote the contrast type separated by experience (exp) and perception (per). All brain regions depicted are in the right hemisphere.”

68
Q

Describe the disorder abulia and what it demonstrates.

A

powerful kind of apathy that leaves the individual incapable of basic decisions

69
Q

What did Darwin argue about primate facial expressions?

A

All humans will produce similar facial expressions

70
Q

Compare the groups in which cross-cultural agreement is reached about facial expressions and the groups that do not share this same consensus.

A

Happiness is the only thing that can be deciphered across all cultures

70
Q

What two categories of facial muscle control expressions?

A

Superficial facial muscles: subtle movements in the skin of the face (nose wrinkle)
Deep facial muscles: create larger movements (opening your mouth)

71
Q

What controls facial muscles?

A

Facial nerve and trigeminal nerve, cranial nerves

72
Q

What is the name of the units that facial expressions can be broken down into?

A

Action Units

73
Q

Define stress.

A

Physiological response to aversive or threatening stimuli

74
Q

What regulates the hormonal component of stress?

A

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

75
Q

How is cortisol released from the adrenal gland? Why does stress activate cortisol?

A

Cortisol is in part a metabolic hormone that will increase glucose levels in the blood by facilitating the process by which it is converted from stored to usable forms.
Stress activates this hormone because we need energy to be available in emergency situations

76
Q

Where is information about environmental threats sent to? Explain the sequence of events that occur after it reaches that structure.

A

HPA axis, environmental threat is detected sent to Hypothalamus then causes hypothalamic neurosensory cells to release corticotropin- releasing factor into the portal vein, then CRF travails to the pituitary gland thus causing the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the bloodstream then ACTH travels to the adrenal gland and stimulates cortisol release.

IN SHort: increasing cortisol decreases CRF and ACTH release

77
Q

What division of the nervous system does stress activate? Which division of the nervous system does stress indirectly inhibit?

A

Sympathetic nervous system
SYmpathetic ns inhibits the Parasympathetic ns which plays the rest and digest role

78
Q

Differentiate between acute and chronic stress and explain how chronic stress is caused.

A

Acute stress: Emergency ACTH uses for a short and quick instance
Chronic stress Persistent activation of HPA. Provides short term solutions, not made for designed persistent activation

79
Q

Explain the yoked control design with rats. How do the master and yoke compare to one another post-experiment?

A

one rat had control of the shock that it was getting and the other could not so it learned helpless ness. so the same trigger effected the rarts in two different ways

80
Q

What part of the brain is activated by control over stressors? What is the outcome of this activation?

A

Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) inhibits activity in regions like the amygdala and thus dial down stress

81
Q

What do twin studies of depression suggest?

A

Genes make people susceptible to depression and have to interact with environmental factors

82
Q

What is vulnerability to depression referred to in terms of genetics?

A

polygenic , related to many gene

83
Q

What do PET scans of depressed patients show?

A

The Subgenual cingulate takes up less glucose in depressed and more in manic patience

84
Q

What do fMRI scans of depressed patients show?

A

Your metabolism is messed up

85
Q

Describe sleep disruptions in depression.

A

Reduce in slow wave sleep REM sleep can occur immediately. Desturbs your sleep cycle causing worse sleep

86
Q

Individuals suffering with clinical depression have __________ levels of cortisol in their blood.

A

Higher

87
Q

What happens to the HPA in those with depression?

A

dysregulated , dexamethasone synthetic molecule that is the same as cortisol, suppresses normal cortisol release

88
Q

What are two types of drug treatments used for depression?

A

SSRI: prevents serotonin reuptake. Frequently given because you cannot self harm
MAOI: Inhibit enzyme involved in breaking neurotransmitters. Also processes the dietary amino acid tyramine. To avoid a potentially toxic tyramine so you can’t eat foods high in this amino acid

89
Q

Explain the monoamine hypothesis of depression.

A

Depression is not just chemical,
Antidepressants have a strong impact before depression
Not everyone will respond to the same drugs the same way

90
Q

How can the hippocampus be divided?

A

Hippocampal and dentate gyri

91
Q

Which part contains the subgranular zone that ultimately leads to the birth of new neurons?

A

dentate gyri

92
Q

Compare and contrast factors influencing neurogenesis.

A

Cortisol inhibits neurogenesis
Mono amins promote this process

93
Q

Depression may be a ___________ neurodegenerative disorder that is alleviated by the birth of new neurons in specific parts of the brain.

A

Mild

94
Q

Explain cognitive behavioral therapy. On its own, is it more effective than medication?

A

Form of talk therapy in which therapists helps the patient/client develop antidepressant cognitive strategies
Find a new beneficial rather than tearing down way to think

95
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

A

Used in extreme cases
Patient is anesthetized and given muscle relaxers, shock therapy, rapide symptom remission but relapse can occur

96
Q

How is ketamine a novel treatment for depression?

A

Blocks NMDA glutamate receptor
Causes a decrease in depressive symptoms
Used for cases of clinical depression that is not helped by standard treatments

97
Q

How do vagus nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation differ?

A

Vagus nerve stimulation: vagus nerve is the primary parasympathetic nerve of the body. Electrical stimulation inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, which may balance out a dysregulated stress response in depressed individuals
Deep brain stimulation: intracranial electrode implanted to stimulate limbic system regions such as portions is the cingulate cortex. This can alter activity in part of the cingulate that is abnormal in depression. Only used in extreme situations.

Nero (3 decks)

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