Exam 3 Flashcards by cristian ramirez

Cornea

A transparent window which allows light to pass into the eye and refracts the light

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Iris/pupil

The iris is smooth muscle containing circularly shaped muscles and radial muscles. They contract to
dilate (radial muscles) or constrict (circular muscles) pupil. The pupil is the opening between the iris
and allows more or less light in to focus the light

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Ciliary body/lens

Ciliary muscles have suspensory ligaments (zonules) which are attached to the lens. The zonules pull on
the lens (ciliary muscles relaxed) to make it more flat for distance vision and the zonules are slack
(ciliary muscles are contracted) which makes the lens more curved for close vision

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Retina

Layers of cells that contain rods or cones synapsing with bipolar cells and ganglion cells to send an AP to the occipital lobe for visual processing

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Define antagonistic

hormones cause opposite effects

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Synergistic

Hormones cause an additive effect

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Permissive

One hormone allows (permits) a second hormone have its effect

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Lipophilic hormones

Steroids and thyroid hormones

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How is the anterior pituitary different from the posterior pituitary?

The anterior pituitary lobe produces and releases hormones. The posterior lobe does not produce hormones, but does store hormones produced by the hypothalamus

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Hair cells in the semicircular canals respond to stimuli and function as:
a. Exteroreceptors
b. Nociceptors
c. Proprioceptors
d. Chemoreceptors

c. Proprioceptors

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Which of the following taste modalities does NOT require G-proteins?
a. Quinine
b. Sweet
c. Sour
d. Umami
e. More than one of the above

c. Sour

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The lens is most convex(curved) when
a. Focusing on distant objects
b. Radial iris muscles are contracting
c. Ciliary muscles are contracting
d. Circular iris muscles are contracting
e. Ciliary muscle are relaxing

c. Ciliary muscles are contracting

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Which of the following is a role of cGMP?
a. Used as a 2nd messenger in the Phospholipase-C hormone action
b. Causes GLUT4 enzymes to travel from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane
c. Allows Na+ channels to stay open in rod cells
d. Binds to rhodopsin in dark curren

c. Allows Na+ channels to stay open in rod cells

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Retinoic Acid and its receptor bind to one half-site on the hormone-response element (HRE) and then form a
heterodimer with which type of hormone?
a. Steroid
b. Glycoprotein
c. Thyroid
d. Polypeptide

c. Thyroid

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Which of the following is NOT true about endocrine glands?
a. Target cells need receptors specific to the hormone
b. Hormones will affect the metabolism of target cells
c. Hormones are secreted through ducts into the bloodstream
d. Specialized neurons can secrete neurohormones into the blood
e. All of the above are true

c. Hormones are secreted through ducts into the bloodstream

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Name the structure responsible for kinetic equilibrium (rotational acceleration):
a. Photoreceptors
b. Cochlea
c. Semicircular canals
d. Utricle and saccule

c. Semicircular canals

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Within a taste bud, which of the following is true?
a. The blocking of receptors results in the detection of the taste sensation
b. G-protein coupled receptors are involved in detecting salty substances
c. Supporting cells possess the receptors for detecting taste modalities
d. Ion channels are involved in detecting salty and sour substances

d. Ion channels are involved in detecting salty and sour substances

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Which of the following categories is NOT represented by a group of hormones?
a. Amines
b. Polypeptides
c. Glycoproteins
d. Nucleic acids
e. Steroid

d. Nucleic acids

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When activated by a G-protein subunit, adenylate cyclase will convert ATP to:
a. ADP
b. cAMP
c. cGMP
d. AMP

b. cAMP

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n which of the following mechanisms of hormone action can dimerization be observed?
a. Phospholipase-C-Ca2+
b. Thyroid Hormone Action
c. Tyrosine Kinase
d. A and B
e. B and C

e. B and C

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During relaxation, which of the following does not lengthen?
a. A band
b. H zone
c. I band
d. M line
e. More than one of the above

e. More than one of the above

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Examples of two hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior
pituitary are:
a. GnRH and ADH
b. PIH and Somatostatin
c. TRH and CRH
d. GnRH and PIH

c. TRH and CRH

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Within muscle, bundles of ____________ are ensheathed by endomysium
a. Fasicles
b. Myofibers
c. Sarcomeres
d. Myofibrils

b. Myofibers

Which of these statements about the adrenal cortex is TRUE?
a. It is not innervated by sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers
b. It secretes some androgens
c. It secreted aldosterone
d. It is stimulated by ACTH
e. All of these are true

e. All of these are true

Where do nuclear receptor proteins bind onto DNA? a. Target gene b. Hormone-biding domain c. Hormone-response element d. Transcription factor

c. Hormone-response element

Mark all that apply. __________ require(s) ATP for signal transduction a. Steroid hormone receptor b. Adenylate Cyclase – cAMP c. Tyrosine Kinase d. Phospholipase-C-Ca2+

c. Tyrosine Kinase

Before contraction, a. ATP is hydrolyzed and cause the “power stroke” b. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to actin c. ATP is hydrolyzed and actin heads are “cocked” d. Tropomyosin is moved by troponin

d. Tropomyosin is moved by troponin

A muscle will generate maximum active force when a. Actin completely overlaps myosin to get the max amount of cross bridges b. Actin does not overlap myosin, and the H zone is stretched wider in order to allow maximum filament sliding c. The sarcomere is at an ideal resting length that allows some cross bridges and some H zone space for filament sliding d. Flexing bicep muscle with 50% load

c. The sarcomere is at an ideal resting length that allows some cross bridges and some H zone space for filament sliding

After which step does myosin form cross bridges? a. Secreting Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm b. Binding ATP c. The power stroke d. Releasing ADP

a. Secreting Ca2+ into the sarcoplasm

During stretching, the ___________ is responsible for detecting too much tension within a tendon and sends IPSPs to relax the muscle a. Muscle Spindle Apparatus b. Golgi Tendon Organ c. Alpha motor neuron d. Gamma motor neuron

b. Golgi Tendon Organ

Stephanie went to Korean BBQ restaurant and smelled delicious BBQ in the air. However, after about 20 minutes, she could hardly smell it anymore. This is an example of: a. Accommodation by phasic receptors b. Adaptation by phasic receptors c. Adaptation by tonic receptors d. Accommodation by tonic receptors

b. Adaptation by phasic receptors

Lower frequency sound waves a. Induce less action potentials b. Depolarize receptors near the apex of the cochlear duct c. Depolarize receptors near the base of the cochlear duct d. A and B e. A and C

b. Depolarize receptors near the apex of the cochlear duct

he sensory hair cells that detect Joshua doing a somersault are found in the a. Organ of Corti b. Crista Ampullaris c. Ossicle d. Macula

b. Crista Ampullaris

hich of the following taste receptors increase cytoplasmic [Ca2+]? a. Salty b. Sweet c. Umami d. Sour e. Bitter

a. Salty d. Sour e. Bitter

Which of the following statements about Generator Potentials is FALSE? a. GP are proportional to stimulus intensity b. GP have a threshold c. In phasic receptors, the GP amplitude will decrease in response to a constant stimulus d. AP amplitude is proportional to amplitude of GP

d. AP amplitude is proportional to amplitude of GP

The following gland secretes hormones in response to higher blood osmolality a. Anterior pituitary b. Posterior pituitary c. Adrenal cortex d. Parathyroid

b. Posterior pituitary

A patient’s neuronal signaling and muscle contractions are not performing properly due to low blood Ca2+ levels. What hormone might the patient be lacking? a. Parathyroid hormone b. Cortisol c. Calcitonin d. Aldosterone

a. Parathyroid hormone

he myosin light chain kinase activates myosin in: a. Skeletal muscle b. Cardiac muscle c. Smooth muscle d. Striated muscle e. More than one of the above

c. Smooth muscle

Which of the following mechanisms utilizes calmodulin? a. Adenylate Cyclase-cAMP b. Tyrosine Kinase c. Smooth muscle contraction d. Muscle spindle apparatus

c. Smooth muscle contraction

Mark all that apply. Which pumps/channels can calcium pass through? a. Dihydropiridine (DHP) receptor along transverse tubules (T-tubule) b. ATPase pump on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) c. Gap junctions in smooth muscle d. Nicotinic receptor

a. Dihydropiridine (DHP) receptor along transverse tubules (T-tubule) b. ATPase pump on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) c. Gap junctions in smooth muscle

Which of the following statements about muscle is FALSE? a. In order for contraction to occur in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, Ca2+ must bind to troponin b. Smooth muscle has no z-discs or tropomyosin c. Interneurons release stimulatory or inhibitory signals to signal contraction or relaxation d. Fast glycolytic muscle fibers contain fewer capillaries than fast oxidative muscle fibers

a. In order for contraction to occur in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle, Ca2+ must bind to troponin

During ovulation of the menstrual cycle, there is a peak in secretion of a. LH b. FSH c. Estrogen d. Progesterone e. Pheromones

a. LH c. Estrogen

What is the order of mechanism of hearing? (a) Vibration of tympanic membrane are transferred through 3 ossicles (malleus->incus->stapes) (b) Soundwave is collected by outer ear (c) Stapes presses on oval window (d) Vestibulocochlear nerve sends action potential to temporal lobe (e) Endolymph flows through cochlear duct (f) Perilymph flows through scala vestibule and scala tympani (g) Hair cells in Organ of Corti bend a. B->C->A->E->F->G->D b. B->A->C->F->E->G->D c. B->A->C->E->F->G->D d. B->C->A->F->E->G->D

b. B->A->C->F->E->G->D

What is FALSE about the rod cells in light? a. Na+ channels are closed b. Action potential is fired through optic nerve c. cGMP is changed into GMP d. rod cell depolarizes e. All of the above are true

d. rod cell depolarizes

Mark all that apply. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the smooth muscle? a. Synapse en passant b. Gap junction c. More myosin than actin d. Ca2+ binds to troponin and cross bridge can occur -> Ca2+ phosphorylates and activates myosin e. No sarcomere

c. More myosin than actin d. Ca2+ binds to troponin and cross bridge can occur -> Ca2+ phosphorylates and activates myosin

True or False: The tongue contains specialized taste buds that sense either salty, sour, sweet, umami, or bitter

False

True or False: Lipophilic hormones’ effects are relatively faster because the hormone signal can diffuse through the plasma membrane

False

True or False: High blood glucose will activate alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans F 40. In the neuromuscular junction, ACh released from the motor end plate will bind to receptors on the sarcolemma and cause depolarization

False

True or False: Spermatogenesis is the meiotic division of germ cells and produces 4 identical daughter cells

False

True or False: Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum

True

True or False: Fertilization normally occurs in the uterus

True or False: Epinephrine is released from Adrenal Cortex

False

True or False: Hyperopia is farsightedness

True

True or False: Bleaching effect is the changing form of rhodopsin which results in bipolar cells to hyperpolarize

False

True or False: Utricle and Saccule sense static equilibrium and their receptors are found in a macula

True

Match the sense to the Lobe Sense: 48. Taste 49. Smell 50. Equilibrium 51. Hearing 52. Vision Lobe A. Temporal lobe B. Parietal lobe C. Cerebellum D. Occipital lobe

48.Taste = Parietal Lobe 49. Smell = Temporal Lobe 50. Equilibrium = Cerebellum 51. Hearing = Temporal Lobe 52. Vision = Occipital Lobe

Match the hormones to the gland Hormones: 53. ADH 54. ACTH 55. PIH 56. Somatotropin 57. Cortisol 58. Insulin 59. Glucagon 60. Oxytocin 61. Epinephrine 62. Prolactin 63. LH 64. Somatostatin 65. TRH 66. TSH Glands: A. Thyroid B. Adrenal Medulla C. Adrenal Cortex D. Alpha cells of Pancreas E. Beta cells of Pancreas F. Posterior Pituitary G. Hypothalamus H. Anterior Pituitary

53. ADH = Posterior Pituitary 54. ACTH = Anterior Pituitary 55. PIH = Hypothalamus 56. Somatotropin = Hypothalamus 57. Cortisol = Adrenal Cortex 58. Insulin = Beta cells of Pancreas 59. Glucagon = Alpha cells of Pancreas 60. Oxytocin = Posterior Pituitary 61. Epinephrine = Adrenal Medulla 62. Prolactin = Anterior Pituitary 63. LH = Anterior Pituitary 64. Somatostatin = Hypothalamus 65. TRH = Hypothalamus 66. TSH = Anterior Pituitary