Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 121 > Exam #3 > Flashcards

Exam #3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The membrane and membrane bound compartments of euk allow for…

A

greater complexity of structure and function in those cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major components of membrane structure

A

1) amphipathic lipid bilayer
2) membrane proteins
3) sugars on the non- cytosolic side
4) cytosolic submembrane protein meshwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fxn of amphipathic lipid bilayer

A

1) gives cells and organelles a barrier in an aqueous environment
2) spontaneous fusion
3) healing
4) sealing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fxn of membrane proteins

A

Gives membranes its complex fxns

1) transport
2) recognition
3) binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fxn of sugars on non-cytosolic side

A

Gives membranes its complex fxns

1) transport
2) recognition
3) binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Euks use membrane structure and fxn to…

A

Compartmentalize their internal activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fxn of cytosolic submembrane protein mesh work

A
  • Binding and recognition fxns for intracellular activities
  • establish fxn domains
  • communication with cytoskeleton
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Major fxn of membranes

A

1) compartmentalization
2) defense and integrity of cellular components
3) selective permeability in 2 directions
4) regulation of internal cellular activities
5) response to signals from outside the cell or from it’s intracellular compartments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endomembrane system includes..

A

1) nucleus
2) endoplasmic reticulum
3) Golgi apparatus
4) lysosomes
5) plasma membrane
6) vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fxn of nucleus

A

1) store
2) protect
3) transcribe the DNA
4) deliver RNAs for translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fxn of Golgi apparatus

A

Carry out translational modification of membrane lipid n protein constituents by

1) sulfatation
2) adenlyation
3) phosphorylation
4) glycosation**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fxn of endoplasmic reticulum

A

1) lipid biosynthesis
2) protein translation
3) integration of membrane lipid and protein
4) detoxification
5) calcium sequestration (muscle contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fxn of lysosomes

A

Digest cellular components and macromolecules using acidic digestive enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Fxn of plasma membrane ( in terms of endomembrane system)

A

1) endocytosis

2) exocyosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Organelles not in the endomembrane system

A

1) mitochondria
2) chloroplast
3) peroxisomes
4) vacuoles (plants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mitochondria characteristics and fxn

A

Stores, protects, and expresses its own DNA

Fxn-carry out cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chloroplast characteristics and fxn

A

Stores, protects, and expresses it’s own DNA

Fxn-carry out photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Peroxisomes fxn

A

Carry out ROS metabolism, oxidation, and ether lipid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vacuole fxn

A

Control water and ion exchange (dependent on external environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Three fibrous components of euks cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, n intermediate filaments

Allows for cell stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 structural elements of microfilaments

A

1) G actin monomer
2) Polar with + and - end
3) Many MFAPS that determine the structure and fxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

G actin

A

Monomer used for construction of microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

MFAPS

A

Determine structure and fxn of microfilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

3 structural elements of Microtubules

A

1) tubulin monomer
2) polar with + and - end
2) many MAPS that determine structure and fxn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Tubulin

A

Monomer used for construction microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

MAPS

A

Determine structure and fxn of microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

2 structural elements of intermediate filaments

A

1) handful of cell-specific monomers that can be used for construction
2) apolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Bacteria structural elements

A

ParM and FtsZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

ParM

A

Homolog of actin

Fxn is analogous to tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

FtsZ

A

Homolog to tubulin

Fxn analogous to actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Molecular motors fxn

A

Allows filament based intracellular transport

Driven by ATP hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Myosin

A

Molecular motor.

Moves along microfilaments usually towards + end but can also move towards - end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Kinesin

A

Molecular motor.
Moves along microtubules towards + end
Away from MTOC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Dynein

A

Molecular motor.
Moves along microtubules towards - end
Towards the MTOC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Movement of Molecular motors driven by..

A

ATP hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Many changing cell functions regulated by

A

Actin fiber reorganization

  • disassembly, nucleation, polymerization
  • Depends on MFAPS/Rho
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Assembly of specific actin structures n fxns depends on..

A

Expression n activity of MFAP in specific cellular locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Regulation of active actin structure

A

Rho-family signaling pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Actin filaments help regulate

A

1) many changing cell activities
2) long term activities
3) movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How are microtubules used to regulate structure and fxn of cytoskeleton

A

Organization
Destabilization
Depends on MAPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are microtubules used to regulate

A

Movement and positioning of materials and the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Assembly of specific tubulin structure and fxn depends on

A

Expression/activities of MAPS in specific locations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Most stable element in cytoskeleton

A

Intermediate filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How is intermediate filament fxn and structure regulated

A

Covalent modifications

Phosphorylation n glycosylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

stable cell adhesions

A
  • result from binding the cytoskeleton to outside structures
  • can be used for cell movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

integrin-based hemidesosomes

A

-result from binding to neighboring cells
-can be used to block the movement of molecules between cells
(cadherin and claudin/occludin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

cadherin superfamily anchoring jxns

A
  • forms anchoring jxns

- binds the cytoskeleton of two adjacent cells togethr to from strong tissue interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

claudin/occludin proteins

A

-form occulading/tight jxns between two adjacent -epithelial cells that are impermeable to most solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

specialized adhesions

A
  • allows the cell to temporarily bind outside structures to accomplish specific transient or unique factors
  • (selectins/immunoglobin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

selectins

A
  • plays a part in specialized adhesions
  • intermediate transient cell to cell adhesion interactions in the bloodstream during an inflammatory response governing traffic of leukocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily

A
  • plays a part in specialized adhesions

- especially during development and regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

movement of materials between the cytosol and nucleus

A
  • bidirectional

- requires recognition at the nuclear pore complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the vesicle transport system used for

A

-used for movement of materials from the nucleus outward, from the plasma membrane inward, and movement within the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Vesicle Transport

A

Moves materials that are sequestered in vesicles through the cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Vesicle Transport System

A

1) budding of the original membrane
2) transport through cytosol
3) targeting and fusion of the vesicle to the target membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Coat Proteins

A

Responsible for vesicle formation and budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What transports vesicles along the cytoskeleton?

A

Molecular motors bind and transport vesicles along the cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Rab proteins

A

Used for identification of the target membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

SNARE proteins

A

Carry out vesicle fusion to the target membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

How is vesicular material secreted from the cell?

A

1) Constitutive Secretion (continuous) or

2) Regulated Secretion (specialized)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Constitutive Secretion

A
  • aides in secreting vesicular material from the cell
  • occurs continuously as needed
  • automatic transport from the trans-cisterna of the Golgi to the Plasma Membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Regulated Secretion

A
  • aides in secreting vesicular material from the cell
  • used only by specialized vesicles that dock under the plasma membrane
  • requires a secondary signal to induce fusion of the vesicle to the plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Types of Specialized transport of vesicular material

A

1) to the lyosomes
2) to the mitochondria
3) to the chloroplast
4) inward flow of material from outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

1) axon electrical gradient must be built
2) synapse must be built to transfer info
3) mechanisms for building/transport of regulated secretion vesicles is required
4) regulated secretion triggers must be built to carry our de/repolarizaton
5) mechanisms linking the stimulus to vesicular fusion must be built

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

prokaryotes membranes

A

cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane

-no organelles, no nucleus, DNA is in unbound region called nucleiod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

major components of the euk membrane system

A

1)plasma membrane 2)nuclear envelope 3)endoplasmic reticulum 4)golgi apparatus 5)mitochondria and chloroplast 6)lyosome 7)peroxisome 8)vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

most fundamental structure of the membrane

A

amphipathic lipid bilayer (double layer of phosolipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

phosatidyethanolamine

A

only NH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

phosphatidyl-serine

A

NH3 and COO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

phosphatidyl-chlorine

A

CH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

sphingomyelin

A

OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

sphringosine

A

No fxn group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

glycolipids

A

lipids with carbohydrate attached

  • makes up the lipid bilayer
  • used for energy and recognition
  • Ex: cholestreal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What can/cannot pass through lipid bilayer

A
  • small hydophobic (non-polar) molecules can pass through rapidly (H20, O2, CO2, Urea, hydrocarbons, testasterones, chlostreal, estradiol)
  • charged/polar molecules can not cross easily (ions, sugars, proteins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What provides the bulk of specific membrane fxns?

A

Membrane proteins

75
Q

Membrane protein variation allows what for the cell?

A

Allows for cellular identification

76
Q

Integral Proteins

A
  • permanently attached/inserted into the membrane

- transmembranes/endo and ectoproteins

77
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

-interact with integral proteins

78
Q

Transmembrane proteins

A

Type of integral protein

  • Has domains on both sides of the membrane (all the way through)
  • single pass
  • multiple pass
  • barrel/channel/pump
  • TRANSPORT PROTEINS
79
Q

Endo/Ecto Proteins

A

Type of integral protein

  • Only on one side of the membrane
  • single sheath proteins
  • anchored proteins
80
Q

Fxn of membrane proteins

A

1) transport (trans)
2) enzymatic activity (both)
3) signaling receptors (trans)
4) cell recognition (carbohydrates)
5) cell-cell recognition
6) intracellular joining (tight jxns)
7) attachments to cytoskeleton and ECM

81
Q

How do molecules move across the membrane?

A

1) Diffusion (small ions)
2) Facilitated Diffusion (transport protein)
3) Active transport (ATP)

82
Q

Diffusion

A

small hydophobic (non-polar and some polar) molecules can easily move across the membrane down the concentration gradient

83
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion across the membrane with aide of a transport protein/channel/pump down a concentration gradient

84
Q

Active Transport

A

Must have a transport protein and ATP allows molecules to move up a concentration gradient

85
Q

protein:lipid ratio

A

protein: lipid ratio varies in different proteins
- serves as identification
- more activities=more proteins

86
Q

Myelin protein:lipid

A

20% protein 80% lipid

-wraps around neurons and cuts down number of activities to speed up the signal

87
Q

outer mitochodria protein:lipid

A

50% protein 50% lipid

88
Q

inner mitochondria protein:lipid

A

80% protein 20% lipid

89
Q

Where are sugars found on the membrane?

A
  • On the non-cytosolic face

- attached to glycolipids(carbohydrate layer)

90
Q

Structures within the Submembrane protein meshwork

A

1) membrane identificatoin proteins
2) anchor proteins for cadherins and integrins
3) 2nd messengers for signaling pathways
4) Ribosome docking proteins
5) chaperoin docking proteins

91
Q

glycosylation

A
  • happens in the golgi

- attachement/removal of carbohydrate residues

92
Q

free radials

A

-molecules that are reduced/oxidized in the peroxisome

93
Q

The lipid bilyaer is considered to be amphipathic because??

A

it has both a hyrdophopic and hydrophilic regions

94
Q

Which structure/activity does not involve actin filaments??

A

movement of mucus carrying debris through the airway

95
Q

What activities are actin filaments involved in?

A
  • cell migration
  • formation of focal adhesions
  • muscle contractions
  • mitotic contractile ring
96
Q

What is the fxn of the MTOC??

A

allows y-tubulin nucleation of microtubule

97
Q

Name a molecular motor and its fxn??

A

Dynein moves along the microtubule toward the MTOC

98
Q

What structure is not enclosed in a membrane??

A

Ribosome

99
Q

What is true about the membrane of different organelles??

A
  • Each membrane possess its own lipid and sugar signature

- each faces protein/lipid signature are asymmetric

100
Q

Which molecules are able to diffuse across a membrane??

A

H20, CO2, O2, Urea

101
Q

Why is the lipid:protein of oligodendrocyte 80:20??

A

Because its fxn is to selectively block the diffusion of sodium and potassium ions

102
Q

What is NOT true about the submembrane meshwork??

A

-always on the noncytosoic side

its always on the cytosolic side!!!

103
Q

What is NOT fxn of the membranes in cells??

A

Organization of the chromosomal DNA in the nucleus

104
Q

What is NOT a fxn of the ER??

A

Activation of targeting for final destinations

105
Q

What happens to vesicles that are filled with neurotransmitters when they reach the synapse??

A

They stay on the cytosolic side of the membrane until signaled to fuse

106
Q

What is NOT true about microtubule disassembly??

A

Severing catalyzed by kenesin 13 contributes to mt disassembly

107
Q

Microtubule severing is catalyzed by..

A

katanin

108
Q

katanin

A

catalyzes severing of microtubules

109
Q

What can prevent microtubule disassemly?

A

Tau binding at the plus end

110
Q

Tau

A

binds at plus end of microtubules to prevent dissasembly

111
Q

unphosphorylated stathmin

A

Do not directly cause microtubule disassembly

112
Q

phosphorylated stathmin

A

Does not directly cause microtubule disassemly

113
Q

What is NOT true about proteins that are transported through the endomembrane system??

A

All of the above are true

  • they can be active transport pumps
  • they can be part of ECM
  • translation can occur in the lumen of ER
114
Q

What is TRUE about actin filament polymerizaton??

A

profilin-bound G-actin subunits are used for actin filament polymerization

115
Q

What type of G-actin subunits are used for actin filament polymerization??

A

Profilin-bound

116
Q

Profilin bound G-actin

A

Used for actin filament polymerization

117
Q

What is required for microtubule building??

A

y tubulin ring complex, tubulin, MTOC

118
Q

What is NOT true about microtubule assembly??

A

Microtubule assembley may occur without a nucleation event

119
Q

Microtubule assembly cannot occur without which event?

A

nucleation

120
Q

What kind of tubulin is needed for microtubule assembly?

A

-free tubulin

not bound by stahmin

121
Q

What happens to a microtubule that is bound by MAP2 (towards the plus end)

A

It may continue to undergo polymerization but cannot be depolymerized

122
Q

Where are microtubules attached to the y tubulin ring complex?

A

the centromere at the minus end

123
Q

Where do microtubules undergo polymerization?

A

the plus end

124
Q

A high amount of unphosphorylated stathmin

A

prevents micrtotubule assembly

125
Q

What about the cell membrane is true??

A

both b and c

  • Euk use the membrane structure and fxn to compartmentalize their intrnal activities
  • provides complexity n structure to a cell
126
Q

What is NOT true about the fxn of the amphipathic lipid bilayer??

A

the structure gives the cell the ability to prevent all molecules from entering the cell

-*it allows SOME to diffuse across

127
Q

What is true about proteins and sugars of the membrane??

A

Membrane proteins and sugars allow the membrane to perform complex fxns such as intracellular transport, binding, and recognition.

128
Q

What cannnot diffuse across a cell membrane??

A

Calcium IONS

129
Q

What is the fxn of the cytosolic subprotein meshwork??

A

provides many of the binding and recognition fxns for INTRACELLULAR activities.

130
Q

What is TRUE about the cytoskeleton??

A

cells can regulate many of their fxns via control of the structures and fxns of their cytoskeletons

131
Q

Which of the following combo of molecular motors and filament can be used for intracellular transport??

A

Myosin motors work on microfilaments.

132
Q

Which of the conditions is most suited for fast microfilament assembly??

A

Higher concentratoin of proliferin than thymosine in a specific cellular location

133
Q

What is a difference between the nucleation of microfilaments and mircotubules??

A

MIcrotubules nucleate from centriosomes while microfilaments nucleate from short polymers

134
Q

Where do microtubules nucleate

A

from the centrisomes

135
Q

where do microfilaments nucleate

A

from short polymers

136
Q

How can a cell identify the cytosolic face of its membrane from the noncytosolic face??

A
  • lipid signature is relatively asymmetric
  • protein signature is absolutely asymmetric
  • sugars are absolutely asymmetric
  • the locaton of the submembrane protein meshwork is absolutely asymmetric
137
Q

What is regulated by the assembly and disassembly of microtubules??

A

The movement and positioning of materials inside the cell

138
Q

Why are there so many variations of proteins??

A

-They provide specific membrane fxns and are the primary determinant of cell identity

139
Q

What is NOT true about cell adhesion??

A

Cell to cell adhesion can only occur between two cells that are of the same type

140
Q

Stable cell adhesions result from

A

the anchorage of the transmembrane adhesion proteins onto the cytoskeleton

141
Q

What gives tissue its integrity and stability?

A

integrin-based hemidesmosomes attach cells to the fiberous components of their ECM

142
Q

What about cell to cell adhesion is NOT true??

A

The non-cytosolic domain of integrin can ONLY interact with a protein in the extracellular matrix

143
Q

What will determine whether an integrin protein can anchor to the cytoskeleton??

A
  • A and C
  • The binding of anchoring proteins to the cytosolic domain of the integrin
  • the binding of extracellular matrix proteins to the extracellular domain of the integrin
144
Q

Caherin-based anchoring jxns between adjacent cells form..?

A

Strong tissue adhesions

145
Q

Which adhesion molecules have homophilic binding and can only bind to the same molecule outside of the cell??

A

cadherin

146
Q

What is NOT true about the transport of materials within the cell??

A

itnracellular triffiking requires a very simple utilizing system

147
Q

Where is intracellular traffiking informormation stored and transferred?

A
  • stored in the DNA

- transferred to protein sequence and protein activitty

148
Q

What is NOT true about the cytosoic vs non cytosoic relationship in the endomembrane system?

A
  • carbohydrate residues are always found on the cytosoic face of the membrane
  • **sugars found on the noncytoslic face!
149
Q

Which is NOT a normal vesiculular pathway?

A

proteins made in ER->golgi->inner mitochondria membrane

-**nothing from outside the mitochodria reaches the INNER membrane

150
Q

What plays a role in budding, transport, and targeting of a vesicle to its target organelle??

A
  • protein signature identify specific target membrane
  • fusion depends on good match b/t lipid signatures
  • cytosolic submembrane meshwork
  • coat proteins regulate budding
151
Q

What does fusion of vesicle depend on?

A

a good match b/w the vesicles and target membranes lipid signatures

152
Q

What is NOT true about the mitochondira??

A

the lipids of the outer memrane arise from itself

153
Q

Where do most protiens of the inner membrane of the mitochondia arise from?

A

expresion of genes matintained in the mitochondria itself

154
Q

Where do proteins of the outer membrane of the mitochondira arise from?

A

expression of genes maintained in the nucleus or expressed on free ribosomes.

155
Q

How can proteins of the outer membrane of the mitochondira be traffiked?

A

-the ER or Golgi

156
Q

Why is there a need for two different secretory patways??

A

-to ensure that there is at least one mechanism that releases secretory protiens only when required.

157
Q

What is TRUE about the transport of molecules between the nucleus and cytosol??

A

movement is bidirectional and requires recognition at the nuclear pore complexes

158
Q

What is NOT true about lysosomal enzymes??

A

they are quickly denatured in the lyosome due to the low pH

159
Q

Optimal pH of lysosomal enzyme activiity

A

5.0

160
Q

What are lysosomal enzymes first translocated?

A

in the ER lumen (where they are inactive)

161
Q

The DNA info for which activiity is NOT controlled by the mitochondiran?

A

Rates of ATP production

162
Q

What DNA information does Mitochondria control?

A
  • DNA replication
  • reproduction by binary fission
  • transcription and translation
  • type of ATP production
163
Q

What about microtubule assembly is NOT true??

A

-the presence of a high amount of phophorylated stathim can prevent microtubule assembly.

**-UNPHOSPHYLSTED stathim prevents assesmbly

164
Q

What statement is NOT true about proteins that are transported through the endomembrane system??

A

-the translation of these proteins occurs in the lumen of the ER

165
Q

What is TRUE about adhesion proteins?

A

-binding of the cytosolic domain may effect the activity of the extracellular domain

166
Q

Fxns of Intracelluar traffiking

A

1) recycling of membrane lipids
2) recycling of membrane proteins
3) recylcling of nucleic acid
4) recylcing of extracellular matrix components

167
Q

Main fxn of the Golgi

A

-glycoslsyation

168
Q

When is a proton pump active?

A

Only when it reaches the lysosome where membrane fusion activates it

169
Q

What is TRUE about vesicles that are formed and fused into target organelles during vesiculular transport??

A

-the membrane of each vesicle possesses its own lipid and protein signature and aprticular submemnrane protein meshwork

170
Q

Which protein pair is incorrect??

A

dynamin-uncoating

171
Q

Coat protein basic fxn

A

vesicle formation and budding

172
Q

rab proteins basic fxn

A

target identification

173
Q

SNARE proteins basic fxn

A

vescile docking

174
Q

What is NOT a fxn of the endosomal system??

A

-activation of signal transduction pathways

175
Q

Fxn of the endosomal system

A

1) plasma membrane protein removal and recycling
2) extracelluar matrix turnover and remodeling
3) phagocytosis and pinocytosis

176
Q

Why must vesicles be moved from the ER throught each of the Golgi cesternae before reaching its target membrane??

A
  • ALL
  • fusion of two membranes depends on reasonably good match between the lipid compositions of the two bilayers
  • the lipid signature of the ER is closely matched with the cis-cisterna of the Gogli
  • the lipid signare of the Cis-cesterna is closely matched with medial-cisterna
177
Q

What is NOT ture about intermediate filaments??

A
  • Since intermediate filaments provide support for the basic structure of a cell, they cannot undergo further assebly/disassembly once formed
  • **they undergo changes all the time
178
Q

How is the assembley/dissasembely of intermediate filaments regulated?

A

-covalent modifications

179
Q

What is a simiarity between the lateral spacing of microfilaments and microtubule bundles??

A

-lateral spacing cause by TAU in micotubules is small like fimbrin in microfilaments

180
Q

What protein did NOT have to go through the ER during its synthesis and processing??

A

-Kinesin

181
Q

What process is involved in regulated secretion of neurotransmitters??

A

-the flow of ca+ into the cytosol

182
Q

What is NOT a key fxn of nucleus-ER complex??

A

-water sequestion

183
Q

NOT a fxn of intermediate filaments??

A
  • support intercellular jxns that provide flexibility to tissues
  • **VERY STABLE NOT FLEXIBLE
184
Q

Fxn of intermediate filaments

A

1) long-term, stable cytoslic support
2) lnuclear support
3) form prominent intracelluar connections to intercelluar fxns

185
Q

What event leads to nuclear membrane disintergration??

A

-intermediate filament subunits are phophoylated

Bio 121 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions