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Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

0
Q

VAS/VASO/VASCULAR

A

blood vessel

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1
Q

ANGI/ANGIO

A

blood vessel

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2
Q

CARDI/CARDIO/CARDIAC

A

heart

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3
Q

HEMA/HEMO/HEMATO

A

blood

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4
Q

COMPONENTS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

A

HEART- muscular pump, moves blood throughout body
ARTERIES- carries blood away from the heart
VEINS- carries blood towards the heart

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5
Q

MYOCARDIUM

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • thickest layer of heart tissue
  • involuntary striated muscle
  • wraps around chambers of heart
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6
Q

MEDIASTINUM

A

area in chest cavity between the right and left lungs where the heart lives

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7
Q

PERICARDIUM

A

tough fibrous sac that holds and protects the heart

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8
Q

2 LAYERS OF PERICARDIUM

A

FIBROUS- outermost layer of pericardium. tough, fibrous connective tissue. loosely attaches heart to diaphragm
SEROUS PERICARDIUM-intermost layer of pericardium
2 layers
parietal layer-outer layer of serous pericardium
visceral layer- innermost layer of serous pericardium

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9
Q

EPICARDIUM

A
  • innermost layer of serous pericardium

- adhered directly to cardiac muscle (outside of heart)

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10
Q

PERICARDIAL FLUID

A
  • between serous pericardium layers
  • provides lubrication
  • allows heart to expand and contract smoothly
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11
Q

FOUR CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

A

R AND L ATRIA- upper chambers

R AND L VENTRICLES- lower chambers

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12
Q

HEART VALVES

A

prevent blood from flowing backwards

  • between R and L atria and ventricles
  • between ventricles and major vessels leading out of ventricles
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13
Q

PARTS OF HEART VALVES

A

CUSPS- flaps that make up valves (most have 2-3)

CHORDAE TENDINAE- threadlike cords, attach free end of valve to muscle wall of ventricle

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14
Q

R. ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVE

A
  • between R atrium and R ventricle
  • 3 cusps
  • tricuspid valve
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15
Q

PULMONARY VALVE

A

-between R ventricle and pulmonary artery leading to lungs

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16
Q

LEFT ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) VALVE

A
  • 2 cusps

- bicuspid or mitral valve

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17
Q

AORTIC VALVE

A

-between left ventricle and aorta

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18
Q

L A M B

A

L- Left
A- Atrioventricular valve
M- Mitral
B- Bicuspid

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19
Q

R A T

A

R- Right
A- Atrioventricular Valve
T- Tricuspid

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20
Q

CRANIAL VENA CAVAE/ CAUDAL VENAE CAVAE

A

-enter R atrium of heart
-bring blood from body back to heart
CRANIAL(SUPERIOR)- blood from upper body
CAUDAL(INFERIOR)- blood from lower body

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21
Q

PULMONARY ARTERY

A

-carries blood from R. ventricle to lungs

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22
Q

PULMONARY VEINS

A

carry blood from right and left lungs back to L atrium of heart

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23
Q

AORTA

A
  • carries blood from left ventricle out to rest of body

- LARGEST in the body

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24
Q

RIGHT SIDE OF HEART

A
  • carries blood LOW in oxygen, HIGH in carbon dioxide
  • receives blood from body, sends it to lungs
  • less muscle mass than L side
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25
Q

LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART

A
  • carries blood HIGH in oxygen, LOW in carbon dioxide
  • receives blood from lungs and sends it out to the body
  • thick and muscular!
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26
Q

CARDIAC CYCLE

A

-each complete beat (contraction and relaxation) of the heart
2 main components
-SYSTOLE- contraction
-DIASTOLE- relaxation

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27
Q

NORMAL HEART SOUNDS

A

LUB BUB
LUB- closure of R and L AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole
DUB- closure of aortic and pulmonic valves

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28
Q

CARDIAC OUTPUT=

A

STROKE VOLUME X HEART RATE
stroke volume- amount of blood heart ejects with each contraction
heart rate- # of times heart completes a cardiac cycle in a set amount of time (beats per minute)

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29
Q

STERLING’S LAW

A

increased filling of heart with blood results in increased force of cardiac contraction and increased stroke volume

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30
Q

SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE

A
  • provides impulse for heart to beat!
  • specialized area of cardiac muscle cells
  • R. atrium
  • pacemaker of heart
  • automatically generates electrical impulses
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31
Q

ATRIOVENTRICULAR (AV) NODE

A

-only route for electrical impulse to travel from atria down to ventricles

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32
Q

BUNDLE OF HIS

A
  • after impulse reaches AV Node..travels here
  • specialized fibers in interventricular septum (wall between R and L ventricles)
  • carries impulse to bottom (apex) of heart
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33
Q

PURKINJE FIBERS

A
  • from bundle of his to here
  • carry impulses up ventricular myocardium
  • impulse spreads from cell to cell in R and L ventricles
  • Ventricles then contract!!!
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34
Q

COMPLETE PATH OF ELECTRICAL IMPULSE

A
  1. SA NODE
  2. myocardial cells of R and L ATRIA
  3. R and L ATRIA contract
  4. AV NODE
  5. BUNDLE OF HIS
  6. PURKINJE FIBER
35
Q

CAPILLARIES

A
  • smallest vessels in the body
  • no smooth muscle
  • allows body cells to exchange nutrients, oxygen, etc., with blood cells
36
Q

VASCULAR BLOOD FLOW

A

AORTA
ARTERIES
CRANIAL/CAUDAL VENA CAVA

37
Q

AORTA

A

-leaves heart and travels through chest and abdomen

38
Q

SUBCLAVIAN ARTERIES

A

-branch off aorta and travel toward thoracic limbs

39
Q

CAROTID ARTERIES

A

branch off one or both subclavian arteries

-travels up sides of neck

40
Q

ILIAC ARTERIES

A

main trunk of aorta splits at hind limbs

41
Q

FEMORAL ARTERIES

A

pelvic limbs

42
Q

COCCYGEAL ARTERY

A

emerges at caudal aorta- TAIL

43
Q

WHERE DO YOU FEEL FOR A PULSE?

A

ARTERIES

-closer to heart, feel it pumping

44
Q

WHERE DO YOU OBTAIN A BLOOD SAMPLE?

A

VENIPUNCTURE

  • Cephalic Vein of forelimb (between elbow and carpus)
  • Femoral Vein of hind limb (medial surface of thigh)
  • Saphenous Vein (lateral aspect of hindlimb, dogs)
  • Jugular Vein (ventral aspect of neck)
45
Q

CATTLE VENIPUNCTURE

A

JUGULAR VEIN-ventral neck

COCCYGEAL VEIN- ventral tail

46
Q

HORSES VENIPUNCTURE

A

JUGULAR VEIN- ventral neck

47
Q

PIGS VENIPUNCTURE

A

-JUGULAR VEIN
-AURICULAR VEIN
ear pinna, smaller samples

48
Q

RODENT VENIPUNCTURE

A

COCCYGEAL VEIN

-ventral tail

49
Q

PULMONARY

A

Lungs

50
Q

RHINO

A

nasal passages

51
Q

SECONDARY FUNCTIONS OF RES. SYSTEM

A
  • phonation
  • regulation of body temperature
  • regulation of acid-base balance
  • sense of smell
52
Q

RES SYSTEM WORKS DIRECTLY WITH…

A

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

53
Q

EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

A

-occurs in lungs at level of alveoli

54
Q

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

A
  • occurs all over body

- exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between tissues of body and blood cells in capillaries

55
Q

UPPER RES. TRACT

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • all air that enters and leaves lungs does via upper respiratory tract
56
Q

NOSE

A
  • nares
  • nasal passages
  • nasal septum
57
Q

NASAL PASSAGES

A
  • lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Cilia project from cell surfaces up into layer of mucus
  • extensive complex of large blood vessels present beneath nasal epithelium
58
Q

NASAL TURBINATES

A
  • thin

- scroll-like bones covered with nasal epithelium

59
Q

FUNCTIONS OF NASAL PASSAGES

A

-warm, humidify, and filter inhaled air

60
Q

HARD AND SOFT PALATES

A
  • separate nasal passages and oral cavity
  • hard palate found rostrally
  • soft palate found caudally
61
Q

PARANASAL SINUSES

A

ciliated outpouchings of nasal passages contained within certain skull bones

  • 2 frontal sinuses
  • 2 maxillary sinuses
62
Q

LARYNX (VOICE BOX)

A
  • tube connecting pharynx with trachea
  • segments of cartilage
  • smooth muscle
63
Q

EPIGLOTTIS

A
  • part of larynx
  • leaf shaped
  • most rostral laryngeal cartilage
  • covers tracheal opening when swallowing
64
Q

VOICE PRODUCTION (FUNCTION OF LARYNX)

A
  • VOCAL CORDS- 2 connective tissue bands attached to arytenoid cartilages
  • vocal cords vibrate as air passes over them
  • muscles attached to arytenoid cartilages control tension of vocal cords
65
Q

MORE FUNCTIONS OF LARYNX

A
  • Prevention of foreign material being inhaled- fold epiglottis back over opening when swllowing
  • Control airflow to and from the lungs- small adjustments in size of glottis and movement of air
66
Q

TRACHEA

A
  • short, wide tube

- connects larynx and bronchi

67
Q

COMPOSITION OF TRACHEA

A
  • fibrous tissue
  • smooth muscle
  • held open by partial hyaline cartilage rings
  • lined with ciliated epithelium
68
Q

BIFURCATION OF TRACHEA

A

-trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi that enter R and L lung

69
Q

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

A
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveolar Ducts
  • Alveoli
70
Q

BRONCHIAL TREE

A
  • alveolar ducts end in groups of alveoli

- site of gas exchange

71
Q

ALVEOLAR SACS

A

groups of alveoli

72
Q

ALVEOLI

A
  • external respiration
  • tiny, thin-walled sacs of simple squamous epithelium
  • surrounded by networks of capillaries
  • facilitates gas exchange
73
Q

LUNGS

A

BASE- in caudal part of thoracic cavity
-lies directly on diaphragm
APEX-lies in cranial portion of thoracic cavity

74
Q

LUNG LOBES

A

-pattern and # of lobes varies with different species distinguished by major branches of bronchi

75
Q

HILIUS

A
  • small, well-defined area on the medial side of lung

- site where air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter/leave lung

76
Q

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

A

-enters lungs via pulmonary artery

77
Q

OXYGENATED BLOOD

A

returns to L side of heart in pulmonary veins

78
Q

PLEURA

A

thin membrane lining chest cavity

79
Q

VISCERAL PLEURA

A

covers lungs

80
Q

PARIETAL PLEURA

A

lines chest cavity

81
Q

DIAPHRAGM

A

thin sheet of skeletal muscle

82
Q

INSPIRATION

A

inhilation, diaphragm allows for inhilation

83
Q

MAIN INSPIRATORY MUSCLES

A
  • Diaphragm

- External Intercostal Muscles-located in spaces between ribs

84
Q

EXPIRATION

A

-exhalation

85
Q

MAIN EXPIRATORY MUSCLES

A
  • Internal Intercostal Muscles-located between ribs, deep to external intercostal muscles
  • abdominal muscles
86
Q

ALVEOLAR GAS EXCHANGE

A
  • simple diffusion (gas molecules spread equally throughout)
  • O2 diffuses from alveolar air into blood of alveolar capillary
  • CO2 diffuses from alveolar capillary blood into alveolar air

Anatomy and Physiology of Domestic Animals (1 decks)

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