Exam #3

Question 1

Snowball sampling

Answer 1

collect information from people you know and then request leads to other respondents

Question 2

Focus Groups

Answer 2

a group of subjects interviewed together, prompting a discussion

Question 3

Participant Observation

Answer 3

the researcher takes part in the activities being studied

Question 4

Induction

Answer 4

the logical model in which general principles are developed from specific observations

Question 5

Secondary Analysis

Answer 5

a form of research in which the data collected and processed by one researcher are reanalyzed-often for a different purpose-by another

Question 6

Deduction

Answer 6

the logical model in which specific expectations of hypotheses are developed on the basis of general principles

Question 7

Experimental Design

Question 8

Control Groups

Answer 8

in experimentation, a group of subjects to whom no experimental stimulus is administered and who resemble the experimental group in all other respects

Question 9

Grounded Theory

Answer 9

an inductive approach to the study of social life that attempts to generate a theory from the constant comparing of unfolding observations

Question 10

Stanley Miligram Experiment

Question 11

Content Analysis

Answer 11

the study of recorded human communications, such as books, websites, paintings, and laws

Question 12

Nomothetic Discovery

Answer 12

an approach to explanation in which we seek to identify a few causal factors that generally impact a class of conditions of events

Question 13

Ethnomethodology

Answer 13

an approach to the study of social life that focuses on the discover of implicit- usually unspoken- assumptions and agreements; this method often involves the intentional breaking of agreements as a way of revealing their existence

Question 14

Ethnography

Answer 14

a report on social life that focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than explanation

Question 15

Double-Blind Experiment

Answer 15

an experimental design in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which is the experimental group and which is the control

Question 16

Case Study

Answer 16

the in-depth examination of a single instance of some social phenomenon, such as a village, a family, or a juvenile gang

Question 17

Bivariate analysis is:

Answer 17

the analysis of two variable simultaneously for the purpose of determining the empirical relationship between them

Question 18

Univariate analysis is:

Answer 18

the analysis of a single variable, for purposes of description; frequency distributions, averages, and measures of dispersion are examples of this analysis

Question 19

Continuous Variable

Answer 19

a variable whose attributes from a steady progression, such as age or income

Question 20

Qualitative Analysis

Answer 20

the nonnumerical examination and interpretation of observations, for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships

Question 21

Quantitative Analysis

Answer 21

the numerical representation and manipulation of observations for the purpose of describing and explaining the phenomena that those observations reflect

Question 22

Cross-Case Analysis

Answer 22

an analysis that involves an examination of more than one case, either a variable-oriented or case-oriented analysis

Question 23

Multivariate Analysis

Answer 23

the analysis of the simultaneous relationships among several variables

Question 24

Frequency

Answer 24

a description of the number of times the various attributes of a variable are observed in a sample

Question 25

Stanford Prison Study

Question 26

Participatory Action Research

Answer 26

an approach to social research in which the people being studied are given control over the purpose and procedures of the research

Question 27

Dispersion

Answer 27

the distribution of values around some central value, such as an average

Question 28

Median

Answer 28

an average representing the value of the “middle” case in a rank-ordered set of observations

Question 29

Discrete Variable

Answer 29

a variable whose attributes are separate from one another, or discontinuous, as in the case of gender or religious affiliation

Question 30

Mode

Answer 30

an average representing the most frequently observed value or attribute

Question 31

Central Tendency

Answer 31

an ambiguous term generally suggesting typical or normal

Question 32

Range

Question 33

Mean

Answer 33

an average computed by summing the values of several observation and dividing by the number of observations

Question 34

Standard Deviation

Answer 34

a measure of dispersion around the mean, calculated so that approximately 68 percent of the cases will lie within plus or minus one standard deviation from the mean, 95 percent will lie within plus or minus two standard deviations, and 99.9 percent will lie within three standard deviations

Question 35

Reactivity

Answer 35

the problem that the subjects of social research may react to the fact of being studied. thus altering their behavior from what it would have been normally

Question 36

Going Native

Answer 36

when the researcher identifies too much with the interests and viewpoints of the participants in field research

Question 37

Naturalism

Answer 37

an approach to field research based on the assumption that an objective social reality exists and can be observed and reported accurately

Question 38

SPSS

Answer 38

a computer program for quantitative analysis

Question 39

Dataset

Question 40

Data

Question 41

Coding

Answer 41

the process whereby raw data are transformed into standardized form suitable for machine processing and analysis

Question 42

Data Dictionary

Question 43

Codebook

Answer 43

the document used in data processing and analysis that tells the location of different data items in a data file; should contain full definition of variable

Question 44

Computer-Based Surveys

Question 45

Phone Surveys

Answer 45

a form of quantitative research

Question 46

Field Research

Answer 46

usually qualitative; well suited for the study of social processes over time; best understood in natural settings