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Bio 152 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

the study of organisms and their home (environment)

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2
Q

organismal level

A

one individual and what it is experiencing; physiological ecology is how does it survive, behavioral ecology is why do individuals make specific choices for behaviors in a certain context

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3
Q

population level

A

multiple individuals within one species in a defined time and space; predicting growth and extinction

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4
Q

community level

A

multiple different species; aspects of the community that involve all species; biodiversity

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5
Q

ecosystem level

A

includes abiotic factors (e.g. water); trophisms (energy flow)

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6
Q

landscape level

A

multiple ecosystems

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7
Q

global level

A

all ecosystems in the world; the biosphere and the atmosphere

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8
Q

natural history

A

observing and describing organisms and their environments (where ecology begins)

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9
Q

environmentalism

A

includes humans/social/policy/activism…

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10
Q

dispersal

A

the movement of individuals or gametes away from their parent location, this movement sometimes expands the geographic range of a population or species.

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11
Q

biotic factors

A

other species, predation, parasitism, competition, disease…living factors in the environment

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12
Q

abiotic factors

A

physical/chemical properties of an environment, nonliving

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13
Q

climate

A

the prevailing weather conditions at a locality, made up of temperature, water, wind, and sunlight

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14
Q

isotherm

A

all the geographic places on a map that have the same temperature

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15
Q

photic zone

A

the narrow top layer of an ocean or lake, where light penetrates sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur

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16
Q

aphotic zone

A

the part of an ocean or lake beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate sufficiently for photosynthesis to occur

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17
Q

thermocline

A

a place in a lake where both light and oxygen levels change dramatically

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18
Q

lake stratification

A

water at different temperatures that occurs in bands across a lake

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19
Q

littoral

A

in a lake, the shallow, well-lit waters close to shore

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20
Q

limnetic

A

in a lake, the shallow, well-lit waters far away from shore

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21
Q

intertidal

A

In the ocean, the area between the lowest tide water mark and the highest tide water mark

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22
Q

neurotic

A

the shallow, well lit area of an ocean that sits over the continental shelf

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23
Q

benthic

A

the zone in both lakes and oceans that is the bottom surface

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24
Q

oceanic

A

the area of the ocean that is not over the continental shelf, most of the ocean

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25
Q

abysmal

A

the benthic zone at the very bottom of the ocean between 2,000-6,000m deep

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26
Q

pelagic

A

open water component of aquatic biomes

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27
Q

biome

A

any of the world’s major ecosystem types, often classified according to the predominant vegetation for terrestrial biomes and the physical environment for aquatic biomes and characterized by adaptations of organisms to that particular environment

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28
Q

climograph

A

a graph that shows the distribution of different biomes with both temperature and precipitation axes, a plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region

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29
Q

rain shadow

A

the effect where the windward side of the mountain has more precipitation than the leeward side of the mountain due to the moisture all precipitating on the windward side

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30
Q

elevation

A

height above a given (sea) level, with 1000m of elevation, air temperature goes down 6º F due to air occupying more volume, pressure decreasing, and temperature decreasing

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31
Q

aspect

A

the way a mountain/hill slope faces. In the northern hemisphere, the norm-facing slope is cooler and wetter, due to being shaded. It is the opposite in the southern hemisphere

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32
Q

microclimate

A

climate patterns on a very fine scale, such as the specific climatic conditions underneath a log

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33
Q

tension zone

A

a transitional zone between two climatic zones, the one in wisconsin is due to different air masses (northern vs. southern WI)

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34
Q

population

A

individuals of one species simultaneously occupying the same general area, utilizing the same resources, and influenced by similar environmental factors (existing in the same defined time and space)

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35
Q

population ecology

A

the study of how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of a population

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36
Q

density

A

the number of individuals per area or volume

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37
Q

dispersion

A

patterns of spacing among individuals in a population

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38
Q

birth

A

a way individuals are added to a population/area

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39
Q

immigration

A

the influx of new individuals into a population from other areas

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40
Q

death

A

a way individuals are removed from a population/area

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41
Q

emigration

A

the movement of individuals out of a population

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42
Q

population size

A

N, the total number of individuals in a population

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43
Q

mark-recapture

A

an effective tool to estimate population size. first capture a group of the population and mark them, release them into the wild, recapture a group, count the number of marked individuals in the new sample, calculate sample size with a proportion

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44
Q

dispersion pattern

A

the way individuals are arranged in space, clumped, uniform, or random

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45
Q

clumped

A

a dispersion pattern in which individuals gather in clumps (potentially for resources)

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46
Q

uniform

A

a dispersion pattern where there is pretty equal distance between individuals, frequently occurs in nesting birds

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47
Q

random

A

a dispersion pattern in which the individuals are randomly placed, can happen with wind sometimes but there are currents

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48
Q

demography

A

The study of vital rates of a population and how they change over time

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49
Q

life table

A

a schedule/table of vital rates

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50
Q

age

A

how old an individual is

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51
Q

vital rate

A

age or stage-specific summary of survival patterns

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52
Q

death rate

A

mortality rate

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53
Q

fecundity

A

birth rate

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54
Q

generation time

A

the average amount of time between the birth of an individual and the birth of its first offspring

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55
Q

survivorship

A

Lx = the proportion of offspring produced that survive, on average, to a particular age

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56
Q

survivorship curve

A

a plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality

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57
Q

type I survivorship curve

A

flat at the start, reflecting low death rates during early and middle life, and then drops steeply as death rates increase among older age-groups, typically seen in large mammals

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58
Q

type III survivorship curve

A

drops sharply at the start, reflecting very high death rates for the young, but flattens out as death rates decline for those few individuals that survive the early period of die-off, typically in organisms that have many offspring with little/no offspring care

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59
Q

type II survivorship curve

A

intermediate, with a constant death rate over the organism’s life span, in Belding’s ground squirrels, other rodents, invertebrates…

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60
Q

semelparity

A

lots of offspring, only reproduce once in their lifetime

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61
Q

i tero parity

A

reproduce multiple times, few offspring per round

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62
Q

parthenogenetic females

A

females who can give birth

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63
Q

model

A

Representations of the more complex reality, a simplification, verbal, conceptual diagram, quantitative/formal, inherently has tradeoffs between generality, precision, and realism

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64
Q

exponential growth

A

As the x-value increases, the y-value increases at a much higher rate, models for population growth when resources are not limited

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65
Q

number of births

A

B, the total number of new births in a population in a specified time period

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66
Q

per capital birth rate

A

b, B/N, the number of births in relation to the population size

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67
Q

number of deaths

A

D, the total number of deaths in a population in a specified time period

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68
Q

per capital death rate

A

d, D/N, the number of deaths relative to the population size (note that Campbell uses m for mortality for death rate)

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69
Q

per capita rate of increase

A

r, b-d, the net reproductive rate, the per capita growth rate, larger (or more negative) r means more rapid change in population size

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70
Q

intrinsic (maximum) rate of increase

A

r_max, the maximum per capita rate of increase, equal to R when in exponential growth with no limiting resources

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71
Q

carrying capacity

A

(K), The upper boundary for population size that can be sustained over a relatively long time period

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72
Q

parenthetical feedback term

A

[(K-N)/K], The term that causes the growth to be logistic instead of exponential

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73
Q

life history strategy

A

the traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival

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74
Q

r-selected species

A

selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments

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75
Q

K-selected species

A

selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

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76
Q

density-dependent regulation

A

Flat slope, referring to any characteristic that varies with population density

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77
Q

density-independent regulation

A

Angled slope, referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density

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78
Q

metapopulation

A

Spatially separated populations (subpopulations) that are linked by dispersal of individuals

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79
Q

occupancy

A

Either 1 or 0 (occupied or unoccupied)

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80
Q

source

A

Net exporters of individuals (b>d, r>0)

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81
Q

sink

A

Net importers of individuals (b<d, r>0)

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82
Q

demographic transition

A

In a stable population, a shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

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83
Q

age structure

A

the relative number of individuals of each age in a population

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84
Q

population pyramids

A

Pyramid that shows population size (both male and female) in each age group

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85
Q

community

A

The assemblage of populations of different species that occur in the same place

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86
Q

coexistence

A

The state of two or more species being found in the same place at the same time

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87
Q

species interactions

A

Competition, consumer-resource relations, mutualism, commensalism and amensalism

88
Q

niche

A

The abiotic and biotic conditions that species need to grow, survive, and reproduce. Cannot be the same for two species

89
Q

competition

A

A species interaction that causes negative effects on both species, when two or more species rely on similar limiting resources

90
Q

intraspecific

A

Competition between individuals of the same species

91
Q

inter specific

A

Competition between individuals of different species

92
Q

consumer-resource interactions

A

Parasitism, predator-prey, herbivory. Interactions that benefit one species and hurt the other

93
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

Two species that use a limiting resource in the same way cannot coexist indefinitely

94
Q

limiting resource

A

environmental features that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem

95
Q

resource partitioning

A

The use of limiting resources by different species in a community in different ways

96
Q

predation

A

A species interaction where one species (the predator) kills and eats the other species (the prey)

97
Q

predator-prey dynamics

A

There needs to be a tight coupling of the predator and prey populations, with the predator population following the prey population pattern but slightly behind

98
Q

deceptive markings

A

Markings that appear dangerous (e.g. fake eyes)

99
Q

cryptic coloration

A

Coloration to avoid predation (blend in, e.g. leaf insects, gecko)

100
Q

aposematic coloration

A

Bright, obvious color warns of toxicity to predator

101
Q

batesian mimicry

A

Non-toxic species look very similar to toxic species to get the benefit from the predator knowing that the toxic species are toxic

102
Q

müllerian mimicry

A

all toxic species look similar

103
Q

herbivory

A

The consumption of plants by animals, often times the entire plant isn’t killed

104
Q

parasitism

A

One organism (the parasite) derives its nourishment from another organism (the host)

105
Q

mutualism

A

An interaction that benefits both species involved (e.g. the wrasse eating parasites in the mouth of a large fish)

106
Q

commensalism

A

An interaction that benefits one species but has no impact on the other species (e.g. an egret on a cattle’s back)

107
Q

amensalism

A

An interaction in which one species is harmed and the other is not affected (e.g. an elephant stepping on an ant)

108
Q

behavior

A

An action that is carried out in response to a stimulus

109
Q

behavioral ecology

A

The study of the ecological and evolutionary basis of behavior

110
Q

foraging

A

Behavior associated with obtaining food resources

111
Q

optimal foraging model

A

Evolutionarily selected foraging behavior that minimizes the costs and maximizes the benefits of foraging

112
Q

species richness

A

The number of species in a community

113
Q

species density

A

The number of species per unit area or volume

114
Q

species relative abundance

A

The proportion of the total community occupied by a species (number of individuals in a spp. / total individuals)

115
Q

species evenness

A

A comparison of the relative abundance of each species in a community

116
Q

Shannon Diversity Index

A

H, combines species richness and evenness as a measure of species diversity, typically in the range 1.5-3.5

117
Q

dominant species

A

A species that has a large impact on a community due to its high abundance, e.g. alder trees, kelp

118
Q

keystone species

A

Not dominant, relatively high impact (disproportionate to its biomass), e.g. starfish, yellowstone wolves

119
Q

ecosystem engineers

A

Species that affect the structure of the ecosystem (e.g. beavers, earthworms)

120
Q

ecosystem services

A

Processes or products supplied by the ecosystem that we use

121
Q

disturbance

A

An event that removes all or part of the biomass of a community, removes organisms, alters resource availability

122
Q

disturbance regime

A

How disturbance can vary (in size, frequency, and intensity). The combination of these three factors is the disturbance regime

123
Q

disturbance size

A

The difference in how much area a disturbance affects, small disturbances can create patches of different habitats across a landscape, which help maintain diversity in a community and large disturbances can change many things

124
Q

disturbance frequency

A

How often a disturbance occurs

125
Q

disturbance intensity

A

How aggressive a disturbance is, how much damage it causes

126
Q

succession

A

The changes in species composition and community structure over time (usually following a disturbance)

127
Q

primary succession

A

Occurs when the disturbance was very intense, starts on a site that was not previously occupied by other organisms: soil not yet formed, starts from low fertility, no biological legacy. E.g. happens after lava flow. Pioneer stage, dryass stage, alder stage, spruce stage

128
Q

secondary succession

A

Starts on a site that already supports organisms or vegetation, some soil remaining, biological legacy present

129
Q

serotiny

A

the behavior of some plant species that retain their non-dormant seeds in a cone or woody fruit for up to several years, but release them after exposure to fire (cones sealed with wax that melts, etc…)

130
Q

surface fire

A

Low intensity, frequent, burns just the brush etc

131
Q

crown fire

A

High intensity, infrequent, reaches the crowns (tops) of trees

132
Q

biogeography

A

Geographic trends in species distributions and diversity

133
Q

latitudinal species gradient

A

Fewer species at poles, more species at equator, due to climate productivity (solar energy) → longer growing periods, etc…evolutionary history means there were no glaciers at the equator so therefore more time for evolution to occur

134
Q

species-area curve

A

The number of species increases with the size of the area sampled, S = cAz where S = number of species encountered when sampling, A = area, c and z = fitted constants, can also be in the form of logS = log c + z log A

135
Q

island biogeography (island-equilibrium model)

A

Species richness increases when the size of the island increase and when the island is closer to a mainland
due to increased immigration rates and decreased extinction rates

136
Q

ecosystem

A

All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact, flows of energy, exchanges of nutrients

137
Q

trophic structure

A

the different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, which determine the route of energy flow and the pattern of chemical cycling

138
Q

primary producer

A

Use solar or chemical energy to manufacture their own food (autotrophs)

139
Q

primary consumer

A

Consumes the primary producers (herbivores) and can also be called a secondary producer, heterotroph

140
Q

secondary consumer

A

Consumes the primary consumers and can also be called a tertiary producer, heterotroph

141
Q

tertiary consumer

A

Consumes the secondary consumer, heterotroph

142
Q

detritivore

A

Obtain energy by feeding on the dead remains/waste products of other organisms, a heterotroph, eats detritus

143
Q

decomposer

A

detritivore

144
Q

detritus

A

dead organic matter

145
Q

food chain

A

the pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers

146
Q

food web

A

The interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem, hard to quantify

147
Q

trophic level

A

Organisms that obtain their energy from the same type of source (feeding level)

148
Q

primary production

A

The rate at which light energy is converted to chemical energy by autotrophs in an ecosystem

149
Q

gross primary production

A

GPP, the total primary production

150
Q

net primary production

A

NPP, the GPP minus respiration (GPP - R), typically is about 15% of GPP

151
Q

biomass

A

The dry mass/weight of organic matter present per unit area

152
Q

secondary production

A

Growth (new biomass), the amount of chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period

153
Q

net secondary production

A

the amount of energy an organism has consumed and used for growth and reproduction

154
Q

production efficiency

A

The percent of energy that is stored in assimilated food that is NOT used for respiration, GAINED MASS / ASSIMILATED FOOD, varies with exercise, metabolism…energy expended

155
Q

energy pyramid

A

Represents the loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain, the net productions of different trophic levels are arranged in tiers

156
Q

biomass pyramid

A

Represents the ecological consequence of low trophic efficiencies, each tier represents the total dry mass of all organisms in one trophic level, most narrow sharply from primary producers at the base to top-level carnivores at the apex because energy transfers between trophic levels are so inefficient, some can be inverted (if the primary producers grow, reproduce, and are consumed super fast so their biomass stays low )

157
Q

trophic efficiency

A

the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

158
Q

top-down control

A

A situation in which the abundance of organisms at each trophic level is controlled by the abundance of consumers at higher trophic levels; thus, predators limit herbivores, and herbivores limit plants

159
Q

bottom-up control

A

A situation in which the abundance of organisms at each trophic level is limited by nutrient supply or the availability of food at lower trophic levels; thus, the supply of nutrients controls plant numbers, which control herbivore numbers, which in turn control predator numbers, adding more primary producers means all of the trophic levels increase

160
Q

trophic cascade

A

A series of changes in the population sizes of organisms at different trophic levels in a food chain, occurring when predators at high trophic levels indirectly promote populations of organisms at low trophic levels by keeping species at intermediate trophic levels in check

161
Q

landscape ecology

A

The study of how the spatial arrangement of habitat types affects the distribution and abundance of organisms and ecosystem processes, area, connectivity/isolation, patch shape, edge effects

162
Q

habitat patch

A

any discrete area with a definite shape, spatial and configuration used by a species for breeding or obtaining other resources

163
Q

habitat edge

A

where different habitat types meet

164
Q

patch shape

A

differing ratios of edge to habitat area

165
Q

edge effects

A

Differences that develop between the edge and interior/core of patches, often due to changes in microclimate. Canopy height is approximately the width the edge effect extends both ways from the border

166
Q

heterogeneity

A

Composition of dissimilar parts (2 unlike items come together), diverse

167
Q

landscape

A

An area that is spatially heterogeneous in at least one factor of interest, a mosaic of connected ecosystems

168
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

A chemical cycle that includes both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems

169
Q

nutrient pool/reservoir

A

In a biogeochemical cycle, the location of a chemical element, consisting of either organic or inorganic materials that are either available for direct use by organisms or unavailable as nutrients

170
Q

mineralization

A

the decomposition of the chemical compounds in organic matter, by which the nutrients in those compounds are released in soluble inorganic forms that may be available to plants, the conversion of N from an organic form to an inorganic form as a result of microbial activity, specifically the conversion of N in soil organic matter to nitrate where ammonium-N is a short-lived intermediate in conversion of organic N to nitrate-N

171
Q

assimilation

A

the process in which living organisms integrate the nutrients from various external resources to their body and utilizes them to satisfy the energy demands required to stay alive, the process by which inorganic nitrogen compounds are used to form organic nitrogen compounds such as amino acids

172
Q

respiration

A

break down organic molecules and use of an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

173
Q

nitrogen saturation

A

change in N cycling from a closed internal cycle to an open cycle where excess N is leached and/or emitted from the forest ecosystem, when an ecosystem reaches N-saturation, continued N input will cause increased N leaching, nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, and N mineralization and nitrification rates

174
Q

hypoxia

A

low or depleted oxygen in a water body

175
Q

hypoxic zones

A

Zones of depleted oxygen in the water

176
Q

eutrophication

A

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria

177
Q

eutrophic

A

well-nourished

178
Q

oligotrophic

A

low nutrients

179
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants

180
Q

nitrification

A

a microbial process by which reduced nitrogen compounds (primarily ammonia) are sequentially oxidized to nitrite and nitrate

181
Q

denitrification

A

converts nitrate to nitrogen gas, thus removing bioavailable nitrogen and returning it to the atmosphere

182
Q

ammonification

A

the process by which microorganisms present in soil, sediment, or water mineralize low molecular weight, dissolved, organic molecules presenting amine or amide groups and produce ammonium (NH4+).

183
Q

blue-baby syndrome

A

a condition where a baby’s skin turns blue, can be caused by Consuming too much nitrate which can affect how blood carries oxygen

184
Q

non point-source pollution

A

Pollution from diffuse sources

185
Q

point-source pollution

A

Single, identifiable pollution source

186
Q

cyanobacteria

A

microscopic bacteria that live in all types of waterbodies. A large growth of these bacteria results in algal blooms

187
Q

ecosystem processes

A

Energy flow, water cycle, nutrient cycle, community dynamics

188
Q

Milankovitch cycle

A

Effects the natural climate cycle, the tilt of the earth varies over 41,000 years (from 22.1°-24.5°)

189
Q

sunspot

A

“Solar storms,” variations in solar output, solar energy maximum every 11ish years

190
Q

greenhouse effect

A

The layer of protective gasses in the atmosphere including CO2, CH4, H2O that reflect solar radiation energy to keep the earth warm, we need it to exist, naturally the energy in and out are balanced but now the excess gasses trap more energy

191
Q

IPCC

A

Intergovernmental panel on climate change, models the change in global temperature both with only natural forces and with natural and human forces

192
Q

phenology

A

The timing of seasonal activity for organisms

193
Q

ecotone

A

The transition from one type of habitat or ecosystem to another, such as the transition from a forest to a grassland

194
Q

biodiversity loss

A

Due to habitat destruction/fragmentation, non-native species, pollution, overexploitation, disease, climate change

195
Q

global change threats

A

Climate change

196
Q

habitat loss

A

Causes biodiversity loss, decline in total available habitat

197
Q

habitat fragmentation

A

The breaking up of habitat such that distance between habitat patches increases

198
Q

isolation

A

the distance between patches

199
Q

connectivity

A

Connected patches cause increase species richness when paired with a fire regime

200
Q

patch size

A

Extinction rate down as patch size increases

201
Q

non-native species

A

The species evolved in a different place than it is now

202
Q

introduced species

A

Non-native species that do not cause problems

203
Q

invasive species

A

Non-native species that cause problems in their new environment

204
Q

conservation biology

A

The integrated study of ecology, evolutionary biology, physiology, molecular biology, and genetics to conserve biological diversity at all levels

205
Q

conservationists

A

Gifford Pinchot, human-centric, “multiple-use concept” nature is for people, non-equilibrium model of nature, turn of 20th century

206
Q

preservationists

A

Emerson, Muir, Thoreau, equilibrial state of nature, quasi-religious view, no change in nature, “wild, pristine” nature, 19th-early 20th century

207
Q

evolutionary-ecological land ethic

A

Aldo Leopold, evolutionary biology, bridged conservationists and preservationists, non-equilibrial state of nature, nature is interdependent on humans

208
Q

biodiversity hotspot

A

Small areas with high numbers of species /high species richness

209
Q

applied island biogeography

A

Use the idea of island size/distance to create reserves with the most species richness

210
Q

SLOSS

A

Single large or several small, two approaches to land conservation

211
Q

corridor

A

Thin strips of habitat that connect otherwise separated patches (e.g. highway overpass)

212
Q

marine protected areas (MPA)

A

a defined region designated and managed for the long-term conservation of marine resources, ecosystems services, or cultural heritage

213
Q

mitigation

A

Regulate and manage carbon emissions and other greenhouse gasses

214
Q

adaptation

A

Given that the climate is changing, find solutions that prevent negative impacts

215
Q

managed relocation

A

the intentional relocation of populations of native wildlife to habitats that they do not now live in as a hedge against hypothetical changes in their current ranges

216
Q

restoration ecology

A

The process of assisting the recovery of damaged, degraded, or destroyed habitats. Clearly set goals, ways to measure progress towards the goal

217
Q

pollinator services

A

About $25 billion contributed to food production by pollinators, being threatened by limited/monotonous floral resources, fungicides, pesticides, parasites and pathogens

Bio 152 (1 decks)

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