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Clinical Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormal - Distressing

A

Pro: Easy to tell. People know if they are experiencing person/subjective

Con : Disorders may cause different distressing effects. APD, Mania, Psychosis. Or distress is not understood properly.

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2
Q

Abnormal - Socially or Statistically Deviant

A

Pro: When a person’s behavior deviates significantly from the norm, it can serve as a signal that they may be experiencing psychological distress.

Con: Can lead to social rejection and discrimination.

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3
Q

Abnormal - Dysfunctional

A

Pro: Recognizes that abnormal behaviors have negative consequences for an individual’s quality of life

Con: Can forget to recognize subjective experiences, and cultures may not agree on definitions.

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4
Q

Mental Disorder

A

A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.

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5
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Pro: Easy to convey a lot of information to another. Research and Treatment.

Con: Reliability and Validity Issues, Overinclusiveness, no medical test for mental disorders.

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6
Q

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

A

Framework for understanding and studying mental health disorders.

Pros: Dimensional rather than categorical approach; it is more accurate at capturing the complexity of disorders. Focuses on identifying underlying neural systems and mechanisms.

Cons: Relatively new and not widely adopted. Highly complex and difficult to apply in real-world settings. May overlook important psychosocial and environmental factors.

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7
Q

Case Formulation

A

A hypothesis about particular psychological mechanisms causing and maintaining psychological problems.

Pro: Uses clients history, functioning, and social context to create a deeper understanding. Personalized treatment. Client engagement

Con: Time-consuming and requires significant expertise. Client may be unwilling to share vital information. Not effective if the psychologist is not flexible.

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8
Q

Treatment Planning

A

Intervention guided by case formulation. Allows psychologist to devise a treatment course. Make it rationale to the patient and get patient to agree. Able to collect data, monitor, and strengthen repour.

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9
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Broader term for various tools and strategies that mental health professionals might use with clients that may or may not be derived from psychological theory and have generally not have been tested scientifically

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10
Q

Psychological Treatment

A

Specific research-supported techniques that are grounded in psychological theory and derived from models of psychopathology to target particular causal or maintenance mechanisms and improve specific aspects of psychological, emotional., behavioral, or physical health and related functioning.

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11
Q

Manualized Treatment

A

Treatment that is presented and described in a standardized, manual format.
- Can get on amazon haha

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12
Q

Efficacy Studies

A

Designed to test the effectiveness of specific treatment or intervention under optimal conditions, where variables that might interfere with the treatment or intervention are tightly controlled. (THEORETICAL?)

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13
Q

Effectiveness Studies

A

Designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention in more diverse and heterogeneous populations. (REAL LIFE)

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14
Q

Metanalyses

A

Compiles all studies relevant to a topic and combines the results statistically and compares the “effect size” statistic for each.

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15
Q

RCT’s (Randomized Controlled Trial)

A

Participants randomly assigned to groups.
Experimental: Receive Treatment
Control: Do not receive treatment
Waiting list control: Treatment delayed until after study
Attention only control: Meet with clinician, but no “active” treatment given.

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16
Q

Common Factors (Therapy effectiveness)

A
  • Therapeutic alliance/relationship between client/therapist.
  • Client’s expectations / will to improv
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17
Q

Specific Factors (Therapy Effectiveness)

A

-Fears
-Changing consequences/rewards
-Expression of difficult emotions
-Acceptance of self and things that can’t change

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18
Q

Course of Intervention

A

-Initial Contact
-Informed Consent
-Assessment, Conceptualization, Treatment Planning
-Implementing Treatment
-Termination, Evaluation, Follow-Up

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19
Q

Evidence Based Treatment(EBT)

A

Shown significant change in clients in controlled trials.

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20
Q

Evidence Based Practice (EBP)

A

-Broad Term
-Practicing in a way that is informed by a number of sources, including scientific evidence about the intervention (EBTs), clinical expertise, and patient needs and preferences.

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21
Q

Dissemination

A

The process of spreading information or knowledge about evidence-based practices to stakeholders in the field of mental health.

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22
Q

Behavioral Intervention

A

A framework for treating disorders that is based on the principles of conditioning or learning.

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23
Q

Theoretical Basis of Behavioral Interventions

A

-Derived from learning theory
- Linked to experimentally researched principles of reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
-Operant, classical conditioning, modeling, and skills training

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24
Q

Stages of Behavioral Treatment

A
  1. Target definition / baseline assessment
  2. Functional Analysis and Treatment Planning
  3. Implementation
  4. Outcome Assessment
  5. Reformulation
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25
Q

Therapeutics Relationship

A
  • Client:Practitioner relationship viewed as key context that promotes change.
    -Therapist is like a coach or instructor
  • Therapist teaches client skills to use with themselves and family.
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26
Q

Social Skill Training

A
  • Used to promote healthy casual and interpersonal relationships
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27
Q

Token economies

A

Desirable behavior is positively reinforced with “Vouchers” exchangeable for rewards, privileges.

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28
Q

Contingency Management

A

Operant conditioning techniques fostering appropriate behavior
- Time-out
- Premack principle: good behavior is reinforced by allowing another behavior
-Shaping: Rewarding any behavior that approximates it and then narrowing in on the rewards
-Contracts: don’t drink u get 100 dollars

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29
Q

Exposure Therapy

A

Gradually exposing the individual to feared stimuli or situations in a safe controlled environment. Help the individual overcome a fear or anxiety.

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30
Q

ERP for OCD

A

Involves gradually exposing the individual to feared stimuli or situations, and then preventing them from engaging in compulsive or avoidance behaviors that typically follow the obsessive thought.

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31
Q

Progressive Muscle Relaxation

A
  • Tensing and relaxing muscle groups and focusing on sensations of relaxation
  • Reduces anxiety and fear
  • Scripted
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32
Q

Behavioral Activation

A

Encouraging individuals to engage in activities that are pleasurable, rewarding, and aligned with their values and goals, even if they do not initially feel motivated to do so.

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33
Q

Habit Reversal Training

A

Used to treat various repetitive behaviors (Nail biting, tics) Involves identifying the triggers and environmental cues that contribute to the repetitive behavior and developing alternative responses that are incompatible with the behavior.

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34
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

Involves pairing a stimulus that a person finds pleasurable with an aversive or unpleasant stimulus. For example, give a person a medication that makes a person nauseous when smoking. ETHICAL CON: May cause distress or pain from the stimuli to modify behavior.

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35
Q

Sensate Focus

A

Used to treat sexual dysfunctions and problems related to sexual intimacy. Involves structured exercises to help individuals be aware of their body and their partners, usually in a non sexual way.

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36
Q

Who created Cognitive Therapy

A

Aaron T. Beck

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37
Q

Who created Rational Therapy

A

Albert Ellis

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38
Q

Who created Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment

A

Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis

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39
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

A

Focuses on connection between an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Identify and change negative patters of thinking and behavior that may be contributing to psychological problems.

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40
Q

Theory behind CBT

A

Thoughts about events or situations can change how an individual feels experiences them, so changing the thoughts behind them can lead to more positive experiences.

41
Q

ABC model of CBT

A

A. Activating event (The event that occurred)
B. Belief (What one makes of the event)
C. Consequences (The consequence of the belief of the event)

42
Q

REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)

A

Dev. Robert Ellis. Challenging negative and irrational beliefs and replace them with more positive realistic beliefs.

43
Q

Beck’s CBT

A

Identify negative thinking patterns and develop a goal and treatment plan. Rearranging thinking patterns to a more positive thinking pattern.

44
Q

Cognitive Bias Modification

A

Targets unconscious biases by using computer-based tasks that are designed to train individuals to focus their attention on more positive or neutral stimuli and to ignore negative or threatening stimuli.

45
Q

Multicomponent Treatment

A

An approach that uses multiples treatment components to address complex mental health problems. Deals with comorbidity well.

46
Q

Mindfulness

A

Awareness of the present moment in a purposeful and nonjudgmental way. Common in ACT and DBT

47
Q

ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy)

A

Dev. Steven Hayes. Helps clients think about what really matters to them and then take action to enrich their lives based on their personal values; clients are instructed to use mindfulness to accept unpleasant thoughts and feelings.

48
Q

ACT Value: Acceptance

A

Making room for unpleasant private experiences; allowing them to come and go without struggling with them or giving them too much attention.

49
Q

ACT Value: Cognitive Defusion

A

Learning to perceive private experiences as bits of language, words, and pictures, rather than taking them as facts.

50
Q

ACT Value: Contact with the present moment

A

Bringing full awareness to the here and now; focusing on, and engaging fully in, whatever one is doing.

51
Q

ACT Value: The observing self

A

Understanding that thoughts and feelings are not the essence of who we are; they are just aspects of us that change constantly

52
Q

ACT Value: Values

A

Clarifying what is most important, significant, and meaningful in life

53
Q

ACT Value: Committed action

A

Setting goals, guided by values, and taking action to achieve them.

54
Q

ACT: Relationship W/ Therapist

A

Are compassionate, empathetic, and respectful to clients. Clinicians do not play role of all knowing experts. Clinicians come across as having dealt with similar issues and assist in alternatives to obstacles that clients cannot see

55
Q

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A

Dev. Marsha Linehan. Initially to treat individuals with bpd, but since has been adapted to treat a wide range of disorders. Based on the idea that individuals with complex mental health problems often have difficulty regulating their emotions and tolerating distress. Helps to develop emotional regulation with distress tolerance, mindfulness, and interpersonal effectiveness.

56
Q

DBT - Mindfulness

A

Learning how to become aware of the present moment without judgement

57
Q

DBT - Distress tolerance

A

Accepting reality as it is and learning to effectively manage adversity

58
Q

DBT - Emotion Regulation

A

Understanding and reducing vulnerability to strong emotions

59
Q

DBT - Interpersonal Effectiveness

A

Developing skills for cultivating and maintaining interpersonal relationships.

60
Q

Wise Mind

A

Created by overlap of emotion mind and rational mind balance. Important to work through DBT.

61
Q

Difference between CBT and third wave CBT

A

CBT focuses on challenging negative thoughts and patterns to eliminate them while third wave CBT focuses on tolerating and working through the negative thoughts and patterns.

62
Q

Effectiveness of ACT and DBT

A

Concerns of ACT with those having learning disabilities. DBT can be demanding for clients and therapists. Ideas and techniques in third wave interventions may not be entirely novel. DBT offered hope to client’s with BPD. Are better than receiving no treatment at all.

63
Q

Freud’s Early Work

A

“Talking Cure” Techniques that encourage patient talking as a way of alleviating neurotic symptoms.

64
Q

Psychic determinism

A

A major assumption of Freudian theory that holds that everything one does has meaning and is goal directed but these motivations are unconscious.

65
Q

Instincts

A

Provide unconscious energy for human functioning.
Life instincts: Initiate positive constructive behavior (Eros)
Death Instincts: Destructive behavior (Thanatos)

66
Q

Id

A

Pleasure principle
Attain gratification of wants/needs/impulses

67
Q

Ego

A

Reality principle
Mediate demands of id and superego; Cope with real world

68
Q

Superego

A

Morality principle
Develop Conscience; block id impulses

69
Q

Psychosexual stages of development

A

Oral: mouth most important for satisfaction (Infancy)
Anal: Attention on urination and defecation (6 months to 3 years)
Phallic: Sexual organs become source of gratification (3-7 yrs old)
Latency: Lack of overt sexual activity (5 - 12)
Genital: Mature expression of sexuality (adolescence - adulthood)

70
Q

Repression (Ego defense)

A

Banishment of highly threatening material from consciousness

71
Q

Fixation (Ego defense)

A

Anxiety about next psychosexual stage leads to stagnation at current stage

72
Q

Regression (Ego defense)

A

return to a stage that previously offered gratification

73
Q

Reaction Formation (Ego defense)

A

Unconscious impulse consciously represented by its behavioral opposite

74
Q

Projection (Ego defense)

A

Unconscious feelings attributed to another person

75
Q

Free Association

A

Patient must say everything that comes to mind without censoring
Believed to shed light on unconscious thoughts and urges

76
Q

Dream Analysis

A

Reveal nature of the unconscious
Symbolic meaning of dreams

77
Q

Insight

A

Patients’ complete understanding of the unconscious causes their problems
Seen as key to alleviating symptoms

78
Q

Resistance

A

Behaviors that prevent unconscious material from reaching consciousness

79
Q

Interpretation

A

Method by which the unconscious meaning of thoughts and behaviors is revealed by the therapist. Interpretations offered to patient over time by building upon his or her own comments.

80
Q

Transference

A

Patient reacts as if therapist represents an important figure from childhood.

81
Q

Counter-Transference

A

Therapist’s reaction towards the patient

82
Q

Contemporary Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

A

Exploring early life experiences and how they may be influencing current patterns of behavior and emotional reactions. Uses attachment theory, object relations theory, and relational theory. More time limited approach

83
Q

Traditional Psychanalysis

A

involves intensive long term treatment which can take several years. May use dream analysis, and other techniques to help the client explore unconscious conflicts and unresolved emotional experiences.

84
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

A

Based on the premise that difficulties in interpersonal relationships can contribute to the development and maintenance of mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. Develop treatment plan that addresses specific interpersonal problems.

85
Q

Effectiveness of Psychodynamic Therapy

A

Lack of empirical support
Can be helpful but is thought to be mostly beneficial from the therapeutic alliance.
Long and costly
Lack of emphasis on behavior

86
Q

Client Centered Therapy

A

Dev. Carl Rodgers. Client does not get advice from therapist. A lot of reliance on self-reporting. Client as the experiential center

87
Q

Therapist during Client Centered Therapy

A

Empathetic.
Unconditional positive regard
-Respect as a human
-Complete lack of judgement

88
Q

Diagnosis and Assessment (Client Centered Therapy)

A

Avoided, impedes autonomy and self-actualization
Focus on feelings themselves, not whether they are “correct”

89
Q

Stages of Client Centered Therapy

A

Establishing Therapeutic Relationship
Exploring the Client’s Experience
Developing Self-Awareness
Encouraging Personal Growth
Empowering the Client
Fostering Personal Responsibility
Evaluating Progress

90
Q

Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT)

A

Dev. Leslie Greenberg
Empirically based
Emotions are fundamentally adaptive and give our life experience its meaning
Emotional self regulation necessary for personal growth
Dysfunction - Result of emotional impairment

91
Q

Directive Groups

A

More structured

92
Q

Indirective Groups

A

Less structured, various presenting concerns.

93
Q

Psychoanalytic Groups

A

Group as a vehicle to achieve insight into unconscious
Done in a theatrical play format
Still utilize free association, transference, dream analysis, and interpretations

94
Q

Person Centered / Humanistic Groups

A

Interpersonal group psychotherapy (For personality disorders)
Group members learn from interpersonal interactions w/ each other

95
Q

Gestalt

A

Focus on 1 member at a time “Hot seat” approach

96
Q

Family Therapy goals

A

Improve communication
De-emphasize problems of individuals and help family system achieve healthy homeostasis

97
Q

Therapist in Family Therapy

A

Learn about family’s subculture
Therapist remains neutral and does not pick sides
Confidentiality
Recognize culture

98
Q

Family thearpy - Behavioral

A

Full behavioral analysis of family problems and inducing family to provide correct reinforcement.

Clinical Psychology (1 decks)

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