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Clinical Psychology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal - Distressing

A

Pro: Easy to tell. People know if they are experiencing person/subjective

Con : Disorders may cause different distressing effects. APD, Mania, Psychosis. Or distress is not understood properly.

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2
Q

Abnormal - Socially or Statistically Deviant

A

Pro: When a person’s behavior deviates significantly from the norm, it can serve as a signal that they may be experiencing psychological distress.

Con: Can lead to social rejection and discrimination.

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3
Q

Abnormal - Dysfunctional

A

Pro: Recognizes that abnormal behaviors have negative consequences for an individual’s quality of life

Con: Can forget to recognize subjective experiences, and cultures may not agree on definitions.

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4
Q

Mental Disorder

A

A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.

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5
Q

DSM

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Pro: Easy to convey a lot of information to another. Research and Treatment.

Con: Reliability and Validity Issues, Overinclusiveness, no medical test for mental disorders.

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6
Q

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

A

Framework for understanding and studying mental health disorders.

Pros: Dimensional rather than categorical approach; it is more accurate at capturing the complexity of disorders. Focuses on identifying underlying neural systems and mechanisms.

Cons: Relatively new and not widely adopted. Highly complex and difficult to apply in real-world settings. May overlook important psychosocial and environmental factors.

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7
Q

Case Formulation

A

A hypothesis about particular psychological mechanisms causing and maintaining psychological problems.

Pro: Uses clients history, functioning, and social context to create a deeper understanding. Personalized treatment. Client engagement

Con: Time-consuming and requires significant expertise. Client may be unwilling to share vital information. Not effective if the psychologist is not flexible.

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8
Q

Treatment Planning

A

Intervention guided by case formulation. Allows psychologist to devise a treatment course. Make it rationale to the patient and get patient to agree. Able to collect data, monitor, and strengthen repour.

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9
Q

Psychotherapy

A

Broader term for various tools and strategies that mental health professionals might use with clients that may or may not be derived from psychological theory and have generally not have been tested scientifically

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10
Q

Psychological Treatment

A

Specific research-supported techniques that are grounded in psychological theory and derived from models of psychopathology to target particular causal or maintenance mechanisms and improve specific aspects of psychological, emotional., behavioral, or physical health and related functioning.

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11
Q

Manualized Treatment

A

Treatment that is presented and described in a standardized, manual format.
- Can get on amazon haha

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12
Q

Efficacy Studies

A

Designed to test the effectiveness of specific treatment or intervention under optimal conditions, where variables that might interfere with the treatment or intervention are tightly controlled. (THEORETICAL?)

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13
Q

Effectiveness Studies

A

Designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment or intervention in more diverse and heterogeneous populations. (REAL LIFE)

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14
Q

Metanalyses

A

Compiles all studies relevant to a topic and combines the results statistically and compares the “effect size” statistic for each.

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15
Q

RCT’s (Randomized Controlled Trial)

A

Participants randomly assigned to groups.
Experimental: Receive Treatment
Control: Do not receive treatment
Waiting list control: Treatment delayed until after study
Attention only control: Meet with clinician, but no “active” treatment given.

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16
Q

Common Factors (Therapy effectiveness)

A
  • Therapeutic alliance/relationship between client/therapist.
  • Client’s expectations / will to improv
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17
Q

Specific Factors (Therapy Effectiveness)

A

-Fears
-Changing consequences/rewards
-Expression of difficult emotions
-Acceptance of self and things that can’t change

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18
Q

Course of Intervention

A

-Initial Contact
-Informed Consent
-Assessment, Conceptualization, Treatment Planning
-Implementing Treatment
-Termination, Evaluation, Follow-Up

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19
Q

Evidence Based Treatment(EBT)

A

Shown significant change in clients in controlled trials.

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20
Q

Evidence Based Practice (EBP)

A

-Broad Term
-Practicing in a way that is informed by a number of sources, including scientific evidence about the intervention (EBTs), clinical expertise, and patient needs and preferences.

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21
Q

Dissemination

A

The process of spreading information or knowledge about evidence-based practices to stakeholders in the field of mental health.

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22
Q

Behavioral Intervention

A

A framework for treating disorders that is based on the principles of conditioning or learning.

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23
Q

Theoretical Basis of Behavioral Interventions

A

-Derived from learning theory
- Linked to experimentally researched principles of reinforcement, punishment, and extinction
-Operant, classical conditioning, modeling, and skills training

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24
Q

Stages of Behavioral Treatment

A
  1. Target definition / baseline assessment
  2. Functional Analysis and Treatment Planning
  3. Implementation
  4. Outcome Assessment
  5. Reformulation
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25
Therapeutics Relationship
- Client:Practitioner relationship viewed as key context that promotes change. -Therapist is like a coach or instructor - Therapist teaches client skills to use with themselves and family.
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Social Skill Training
- Used to promote healthy casual and interpersonal relationships
27
Token economies
Desirable behavior is positively reinforced with "Vouchers" exchangeable for rewards, privileges.
28
Contingency Management
Operant conditioning techniques fostering appropriate behavior - Time-out - Premack principle: good behavior is reinforced by allowing another behavior -Shaping: Rewarding any behavior that approximates it and then narrowing in on the rewards -Contracts: don't drink u get 100 dollars
29
Exposure Therapy
Gradually exposing the individual to feared stimuli or situations in a safe controlled environment. Help the individual overcome a fear or anxiety.
30
ERP for OCD
Involves gradually exposing the individual to feared stimuli or situations, and then preventing them from engaging in compulsive or avoidance behaviors that typically follow the obsessive thought.
31
Progressive Muscle Relaxation
- Tensing and relaxing muscle groups and focusing on sensations of relaxation - Reduces anxiety and fear - Scripted
32
Behavioral Activation
Encouraging individuals to engage in activities that are pleasurable, rewarding, and aligned with their values and goals, even if they do not initially feel motivated to do so.
33
Habit Reversal Training
Used to treat various repetitive behaviors (Nail biting, tics) Involves identifying the triggers and environmental cues that contribute to the repetitive behavior and developing alternative responses that are incompatible with the behavior.
34
Aversion Therapy
Involves pairing a stimulus that a person finds pleasurable with an aversive or unpleasant stimulus. For example, give a person a medication that makes a person nauseous when smoking. ETHICAL CON: May cause distress or pain from the stimuli to modify behavior.
35
Sensate Focus
Used to treat sexual dysfunctions and problems related to sexual intimacy. Involves structured exercises to help individuals be aware of their body and their partners, usually in a non sexual way.
36
Who created Cognitive Therapy
Aaron T. Beck
37
Who created Rational Therapy
Albert Ellis
38
Who created Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment
Aaron T. Beck and Albert Ellis
39
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Focuses on connection between an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Identify and change negative patters of thinking and behavior that may be contributing to psychological problems.
40
Theory behind CBT
Thoughts about events or situations can change how an individual feels experiences them, so changing the thoughts behind them can lead to more positive experiences.
41
ABC model of CBT
A. Activating event (The event that occurred) B. Belief (What one makes of the event) C. Consequences (The consequence of the belief of the event)
42
REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy)
Dev. Robert Ellis. Challenging negative and irrational beliefs and replace them with more positive realistic beliefs.
43
Beck's CBT
Identify negative thinking patterns and develop a goal and treatment plan. Rearranging thinking patterns to a more positive thinking pattern.
44
Cognitive Bias Modification
Targets unconscious biases by using computer-based tasks that are designed to train individuals to focus their attention on more positive or neutral stimuli and to ignore negative or threatening stimuli.
45
Multicomponent Treatment
An approach that uses multiples treatment components to address complex mental health problems. Deals with comorbidity well.
46
Mindfulness
Awareness of the present moment in a purposeful and nonjudgmental way. Common in ACT and DBT
47
ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy)
Dev. Steven Hayes. Helps clients think about what really matters to them and then take action to enrich their lives based on their personal values; clients are instructed to use mindfulness to accept unpleasant thoughts and feelings.
48
ACT Value: Acceptance
Making room for unpleasant private experiences; allowing them to come and go without struggling with them or giving them too much attention.
49
ACT Value: Cognitive Defusion
Learning to perceive private experiences as bits of language, words, and pictures, rather than taking them as facts.
50
ACT Value: Contact with the present moment
Bringing full awareness to the here and now; focusing on, and engaging fully in, whatever one is doing.
51
ACT Value: The observing self
Understanding that thoughts and feelings are not the essence of who we are; they are just aspects of us that change constantly
52
ACT Value: Values
Clarifying what is most important, significant, and meaningful in life
53
ACT Value: Committed action
Setting goals, guided by values, and taking action to achieve them.
54
ACT: Relationship W/ Therapist
Are compassionate, empathetic, and respectful to clients. Clinicians do not play role of all knowing experts. Clinicians come across as having dealt with similar issues and assist in alternatives to obstacles that clients cannot see
55
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Dev. Marsha Linehan. Initially to treat individuals with bpd, but since has been adapted to treat a wide range of disorders. Based on the idea that individuals with complex mental health problems often have difficulty regulating their emotions and tolerating distress. Helps to develop emotional regulation with distress tolerance, mindfulness, and interpersonal effectiveness.
56
DBT - Mindfulness
Learning how to become aware of the present moment without judgement
57
DBT - Distress tolerance
Accepting reality as it is and learning to effectively manage adversity
58
DBT - Emotion Regulation
Understanding and reducing vulnerability to strong emotions
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DBT - Interpersonal Effectiveness
Developing skills for cultivating and maintaining interpersonal relationships.
60
Wise Mind
Created by overlap of emotion mind and rational mind balance. Important to work through DBT.
61
Difference between CBT and third wave CBT
CBT focuses on challenging negative thoughts and patterns to eliminate them while third wave CBT focuses on tolerating and working through the negative thoughts and patterns.
62
Effectiveness of ACT and DBT
Concerns of ACT with those having learning disabilities. DBT can be demanding for clients and therapists. Ideas and techniques in third wave interventions may not be entirely novel. DBT offered hope to client's with BPD. Are better than receiving no treatment at all.
63
Freud's Early Work
"Talking Cure" Techniques that encourage patient talking as a way of alleviating neurotic symptoms.
64
Psychic determinism
A major assumption of Freudian theory that holds that everything one does has meaning and is goal directed but these motivations are unconscious.
65
Instincts
Provide unconscious energy for human functioning. Life instincts: Initiate positive constructive behavior (Eros) Death Instincts: Destructive behavior (Thanatos)
66
Id
Pleasure principle Attain gratification of wants/needs/impulses
67
Ego
Reality principle Mediate demands of id and superego; Cope with real world
68
Superego
Morality principle Develop Conscience; block id impulses
69
Psychosexual stages of development
Oral: mouth most important for satisfaction (Infancy) Anal: Attention on urination and defecation (6 months to 3 years) Phallic: Sexual organs become source of gratification (3-7 yrs old) Latency: Lack of overt sexual activity (5 - 12) Genital: Mature expression of sexuality (adolescence - adulthood)
70
Repression (Ego defense)
Banishment of highly threatening material from consciousness
71
Fixation (Ego defense)
Anxiety about next psychosexual stage leads to stagnation at current stage
72
Regression (Ego defense)
return to a stage that previously offered gratification
73
Reaction Formation (Ego defense)
Unconscious impulse consciously represented by its behavioral opposite
74
Projection (Ego defense)
Unconscious feelings attributed to another person
75
Free Association
Patient must say everything that comes to mind without censoring Believed to shed light on unconscious thoughts and urges
76
Dream Analysis
Reveal nature of the unconscious Symbolic meaning of dreams
77
Insight
Patients' complete understanding of the unconscious causes their problems Seen as key to alleviating symptoms
78
Resistance
Behaviors that prevent unconscious material from reaching consciousness
79
Interpretation
Method by which the unconscious meaning of thoughts and behaviors is revealed by the therapist. Interpretations offered to patient over time by building upon his or her own comments.
80
Transference
Patient reacts as if therapist represents an important figure from childhood.
81
Counter-Transference
Therapist's reaction towards the patient
82
Contemporary Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Exploring early life experiences and how they may be influencing current patterns of behavior and emotional reactions. Uses attachment theory, object relations theory, and relational theory. More time limited approach
83
Traditional Psychanalysis
involves intensive long term treatment which can take several years. May use dream analysis, and other techniques to help the client explore unconscious conflicts and unresolved emotional experiences.
84
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
Based on the premise that difficulties in interpersonal relationships can contribute to the development and maintenance of mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. Develop treatment plan that addresses specific interpersonal problems.
85
Effectiveness of Psychodynamic Therapy
Lack of empirical support Can be helpful but is thought to be mostly beneficial from the therapeutic alliance. Long and costly Lack of emphasis on behavior
86
Client Centered Therapy
Dev. Carl Rodgers. Client does not get advice from therapist. A lot of reliance on self-reporting. Client as the experiential center
87
Therapist during Client Centered Therapy
Empathetic. Unconditional positive regard -Respect as a human -Complete lack of judgement
88
Diagnosis and Assessment (Client Centered Therapy)
Avoided, impedes autonomy and self-actualization Focus on feelings themselves, not whether they are "correct"
89
Stages of Client Centered Therapy
Establishing Therapeutic Relationship Exploring the Client's Experience Developing Self-Awareness Encouraging Personal Growth Empowering the Client Fostering Personal Responsibility Evaluating Progress
90
Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT)
Dev. Leslie Greenberg Empirically based Emotions are fundamentally adaptive and give our life experience its meaning Emotional self regulation necessary for personal growth Dysfunction - Result of emotional impairment
91
Directive Groups
More structured
92
Indirective Groups
Less structured, various presenting concerns.
93
Psychoanalytic Groups
Group as a vehicle to achieve insight into unconscious Done in a theatrical play format Still utilize free association, transference, dream analysis, and interpretations
94
Person Centered / Humanistic Groups
Interpersonal group psychotherapy (For personality disorders) Group members learn from interpersonal interactions w/ each other
95
Gestalt
Focus on 1 member at a time "Hot seat" approach
96
Family Therapy goals
Improve communication De-emphasize problems of individuals and help family system achieve healthy homeostasis
97
Therapist in Family Therapy
Learn about family's subculture Therapist remains neutral and does not pick sides Confidentiality Recognize culture
98
Family thearpy - Behavioral
Full behavioral analysis of family problems and inducing family to provide correct reinforcement.

Clinical Psychology (1 decks)

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