Exam 3 Flashcards
What are the three eras of microbiology? The Big 3 so to speak?
the 1600s and before, pre-microbe era
the 1880s and before, pre-germ theory era
from the 1880s to now, post germ theory/ the modern era
How did vaccines lead to the total eradication of smallpox?
Vaccines help the body develop immunity to the live virus and this method was used by the world and by 1980, the disease smallpox was considered eradicated by the WHO.
How was variolation practiced by the Chinese?
16th century
Dried mixture of scabs
Blown up nose using a long tube
In the 16th century, a mixture of dried scabs from an individual that had a mild version of smallpox was blown up the nose and this is how they practiced inoculation.
How was variolation practiced by the Turks?
17th century
Fluid from fresh pustule
Rubbed into small incision in the skin
In the 17th century, the Turks took the fluid from a pustule of an infected person and rubbed that into a small incision on a patch of skin to inoculate an individual.
What was Jenner’s approach to smallpox vaccination?
He used the pus from an individual infected with cowpox to inoculate another individual from smallpox.
What is the medical based opposition to vaccination?
When people don’t trust physicians and suspect that they could be injected with poison instead of a true vaccine.
What is the major/ minor religious based opposition to vaccination?
Major- People decline medical help for major diseases and instead choose to believe that the disease will be cured or prevented through prayer. This is also an ego trip- they believe declining medicinal aid affirms the idea of human perfection. ((Think of the Monk religious cult episode for major opposition))
Minor- Vaccines could have fetal-derived products or vaccines contain residual pork products.
FDP—Roman Catholicism
RPP—Orthodox Jews
What is the safety based opposition to vaccination?
People were concerned about the unsafe additives or stabilizers contained in vaccines/// Allergic reactions are also a cause of concern.
Who are nutters?
People that spread misinformation and create dissension to vaccination, usually via baseless claims that only spark outrage.
What is the antivax movement?
Where vaccines were linked to giving children autism.
Parents with autistic children were no longer participating in regular vaccination of their children and parents without autistic children chose to not vaccinate their children in the first place to avoid that “danger”.
When did HIV start infecting humans?
Where did HIV start infecting humans?
1920s
DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo)
When was AIDS first recognized as a disease?
When did the silent spread of AIDS end?
The silent spread of HIV/AIDS ended in 1981.
AKA
HIV/AIDS was recognized as a disease in 1981.
Why was ‘96 described as a miracle year in terms of HIV/AIDS?
A cure was found to stop the transmission of HIV from an HIV positive individual.
Once an individual is HIV positive, can they be cured of the virus?
Can we prevent them from developing AIDS?
No, they cannot be cured of the virus, but the symptoms can be suppressed.
They can be prevented from developing AIDS (the endemic version of this virus)
Why is it not complicated to maintain a healthy gut microbiome?
Our microbiome is made of microbes that display conserved molecular patterns. These patterns are complicated, but giving these patterns proper fuel is easy- eating probiotic and prebiotic foods provides the microbes the necessary energy to sustain a healthy gut microbiome.
