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Micr 231 > Exam 3* > Flashcards

Exam 3* Flashcards

1
Q

Major elements (10 elements)

A

C, O, H, N, S, P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe

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2
Q

Complicated nutritional requirements

A

Fastidious

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3
Q

Energy source: Photo

A

Light

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4
Q

Energy source: Chemoorgano

A

Organic molecules

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5
Q

Energy source: Chemolitho

A

Inorganic molecules

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6
Q

Carbon source: Hetero

A

Organic carbons

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7
Q

Carbon source: Auto

A

CO2

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8
Q

Saprophytes

A

Live on dead organic matter

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9
Q

Parasites

A

Live on/in host organism and obtain nutrients from host

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10
Q

Obligate

A

Must live/on host

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11
Q

Faculative

A

Can grow on/in or apart from host on culture media or another environment

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12
Q

Autotrophs

A
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13
Q

Needs for growth and metabolism (6 things)

A
  1. energy source (light or chemical)
  2. small molecules (building blocks)
  3. organic cofactors and vitamins
  4. water
  5. inorganic nutrients (atoms and ions)
  6. carbon source
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14
Q

Pure culture

A

Culture created in a lab. Most microbes cannot be grown as a pure culture

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15
Q

Mixed cultures

A

Different microbial species living together in communities. Predominant in nature.

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16
Q

Symbiotic

A

Close nutritional relationships. Required by one or both members

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17
Q

Nonsymbiotic

A

Free-living. Not required for survival

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18
Q

Synergism

A

Members cooperate and share nutrients (nonsymbiotic)

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19
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits, other not harmed (symbiotic)

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20
Q

Antagonism

A

Some inhibited or destroyed by others (nonsymbiotic)

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21
Q

Mutualism

A

Obligatory, dependent, both members benefit (symbiotic)

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22
Q

Parasitism

A

One dependent and benefits, host harmed (symbiotic)

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23
Q

Direct cell count

A

Total number os cells (living and dead)

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24
Q

Viable cell count

A

Actively growing/dividing microorganisms in a sample

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25
Q

Anabolic pathways require (3 things)

A
  1. ATP
  2. Reduced coenzymes
  3. Precursor metabolites
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26
Q

Metabolic intermediated (catabolism) can be used as

A

substrated for anabolic reactions

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27
Q

Amphibolic molecules/pathways

A

Can function in both catabolism and anabolism (pyruvate, glucose)

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28
Q

Are fungi photosynthetic

A

No

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29
Q

Photosynthesis process

A

Reduced - CO2
Using - NADPH and ATP
Produced - carbohydrate

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30
Q

Cell size decreases

A

Growth rate increases

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31
Q

Surface area to volume ratio increases

A

Growth rate increases

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32
Q

High SA/V ratio

A

Small cells

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33
Q

Small SA/V ratio

A

Large cells

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34
Q

Lag Phase (3 things)

A
  1. Increase cell size, not number
  2. Adjust to medium
  3. Synthesis of enzymes
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35
Q

Log/Exponential Phase (6 things)

A
  1. Constant rate of reproduction
  2. Most metabolically active
  3. Growth rate measured
  4. Generation time is constant
  5. Most sensitive to antibiotics
  6. Production of primary metabolites
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36
Q

Stationary Phase (3 things)

A
  1. Waste products accumulate and nutrients are used up
  2. Number new cells = number dying cells
  3. Net number viable cells remains constant
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37
Q

Death Phase (3 things)

A
  1. Number dying cells > number new cells
  2. Reducing metabolic rate
  3. Using lysed dead cells for nutrients
38
Q

Primary metabolite

A

Made during active growth

39
Q

Secondary metabolite

A

Made in late log phase and stationary phase. Dependent upon growth conditions (medium).

40
Q

Secondary metabolite examples

A

Vitamins, antibiotics, steroids

41
Q

Signal transduction

A

Transmits information from outside cell to inside

42
Q

Quorum

A

Threshold amount

43
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Sense density of population to activate genes (biofilm formation) or interfere with signaling molecules of other species

44
Q

Toxic oxygen forms

A

Reactive oxygen species (free radicals that damage cell components) formed by visible light/radiation

45
Q

Protects against free radicals

A

Antioxidants like vitamin C

46
Q

Factors that influence growth (3 things)

A
  1. Oxygen requirements
  2. Atmospheric conditions
  3. Environmental
47
Q

Aerobes

A

Use O2 for aerobic respiration

48
Q

Facultative Anaerobes

A

O2 as terminal electron acceptor when available, otherwise anaerobic respiration/fermentation

49
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Low levels of O2

50
Q

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

A

Do no use O2 but tolerate it

51
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Not tolerant of O2, cannot produce O2- detoxifying enzymes

52
Q

Major conditions that influence growth (4 things)

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Atmosphere
  3. pH
  4. Water availability
53
Q

Every 10 degree increase

A

Double enzyme activity and metabolic growth rate

54
Q

Enzymes are denatured at

A

high temperatures

55
Q

60*C has some or no eukaryotic growth

A

None

56
Q

60*C has some or no prokaryotic gorwth

A

Some (archaea)

57
Q

Psychrophile

A

Adapted to cold, deep ocean/polar regions 0-15*C

58
Q

Pyschotroph

A

Refrigerator temperature, food spoilage 20-30*C

59
Q

Mesophile

A

Most food spoilage/disease causing microorganisms 18-45*C

60
Q

Thermophile

A

Hot water pipes, hot springs 42-65*C

61
Q

Hyperthermophile

A

Ocean hydrothermal vents, archaea, heat-stable enzymes 65-110*C

62
Q

Does freezing kill microbes

A

No

63
Q

Halotolerant

A

Withstand up to 10% salt concentration

64
Q

Halophiles

A

Require high salt concentration

65
Q

Extremophiles

A

Evolved to survive in extreme habitats of all types

66
Q

Neutrophile

A

Pump out protons if acidic environment. Bring in protons if basic (alkaline) environment

67
Q

Acidophiles

A

Optimal pH growth below 5.5

68
Q

Alkaliphiles

A

Optimal pH growth above 8.5

69
Q

Bacteria optimal pH

A

6.5-7.5

70
Q

Fungi optimal pH

A

5-6

71
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus: Domain

A

Bacteria (prokaryote)

72
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus: Shape

A

Cocci singles of irregular clusters

73
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus: Gram reaction

A

Gram positive

74
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus: Characteristics (5 things)

A
  1. Facultative anaerobe
  2. Nonmotile
  3. Form golden yellow pigment on blood agar
  4. Beta-hemolytic
  5. Catalase positive
75
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus: Habitat

A

Respiratory tract and skin

76
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus: Relationship

A

Commensal relationship, sometimes becomes pathogenic

77
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus: Resistant to…

A

Methicillin-resistant

78
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus: Diseases

A
  • Skin infections
  • Sinusitis
  • Pneumonia, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, sepsis
79
Q

Bacteremia

A

Bacteria circulating in bloodstream (without disease symptoms)

80
Q

Sepsis

A

Illness causes by infectious agents or products circulating in bloodstream (cause inflammatory response)

81
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus: Treatment

A

Penicillin (widespread resistant)

82
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Domain

A

Bacteria (prokaryote)

83
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Shape

A

Rod.coccobacillus

84
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Motile

A

Polar monotrichous flagellum

85
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Gram reaction

A

Gram negative

86
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Characteristics (7 things)

A
  1. Aerobe (except in nitrate - facultative anaerobe)
  2. Does not ferment
  3. Diffusible pigments on agar-solidified growth media
  4. Beta-hemolytic on sheep blood agar
  5. Some produce odors (grape pop)
  6. Opportunistic pathogen
  7. Produce biofilms - grow on medical devices
87
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Habitat

A

Soil, water, plants, human, animals

88
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Diseases

A

UTI, skin infection, pneumonia, lung infections in CF patients, wound infections

89
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Treatment

A

No vaccine

90
Q

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Infection control (3 things)

A
  1. clean and disinfect wet areas
  2. hand washing
  3. patient isolation

Micr 231 (2 decks)

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