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Psychology 206, Psychology and Christian Thought > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three groups of evidence for Biblical considerations?

A
  • Eschatological evidence for the soul/spirit
  • seeming biblical distinction between soul/spirit and body (sarx or some)
  • creation account; humans are made out of two stuffs
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2
Q

What is the origin of Biblical anthropology?

A
  • Protology - first goal and purpose (opposite of eschatology)
  • Origin is Creation, therefore Creatures
  • Creatures of a Creator: Loving, intelligent, personal
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3
Q

What is the purpose of Biblical anthropology

A
  • Teleology (eschatology) - end goal and purpose
  • Created for Creatureliness! Made for a relationship with God and fellow creatures!

God’s general purpose: Glory to God

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4
Q

What are the theories about human purpose? How do we display glory?

A
  1. demonstrative: just by being human
  2. functional: by doing certain actions
  3. relational: by relation to others
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5
Q

What are the three constintuional natures of human persons?

A
  1. Monism
  2. Dichotomism (Dualism)
  3. Trichotomism
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6
Q

What is monism?

A

materialism, physicalism

This is the dominant view in the secular academy, including psychology

Not necessarily a naturalistic, non-Christian view

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7
Q

What is evidence of monism?

A
  • the biblical words for body, soul, and spirit are to be taken as synonyms for the ‘self,’ which is a material thing. There is no distinction in the Old Testament - the person is a unity.
  • In this view, there is no possibility of disembodied existence after death.
  • The idea of an immaterial/immortal soul is an infiltration of Greek ideas into Christian thought
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8
Q

What is dichotomism (dualism)?

A
  • humans are composed of a material aspect (the body) and an immaterial aspect (the soul or spirit)
  • the body is the part that dies and disintegrates after death, while the soul lives on conditional with God’s gracious judgment
  • On this view, the soul or ‘I’ is a substantial, unified reality that informs and causally interacts with its body and that contains various mental states within it - for example, sensations, thoughts, beliefs, desires, and acts of the will
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9
Q

What is evidence of dichotomism?

A
  • Only two principles in the creation account; and only one immaterial one.
  • The terms ‘spirit’ and ‘soul’ are used interchangeably to refer to this immaterial part of humans

Genesis 2:7

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10
Q

What is trichotomism?

A
  • Humans are composed of body, soul, and spirit. The soul is the psychological element of the person - the seat of reason, emotions, social interrelatedness, etc. Animals have a rudimentary soul. What distinguishes humans from animals is not so much our soul, as our spirit - it is the seat of the spiritual qualities of humans
  • that which communes with other persons and with God
  • Some Greek philosophers posited the spirit
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11
Q

What is evidence of trichotomism?

A
  • 1 Thessalonians 5:23
  • Hebrews 4:12
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12
Q

What are three views on the Image of God?

A
  • Substantive or Ontological
  • Relational
  • Functional
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13
Q

What is the substantive or ontological view on the Image of God?

A

inner psychological and spiritual characteristics/qualities/structures resident in the nature of the human being which are analogous to God’s and distinguish man from all other forms of animals

Common Options: body/physical, reason, freedom, and morality

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14
Q

What is the relational view on the Image of God?

A
  • image consists in relationships with God and others
  • modern view; very existentialist; anti-metaphysical; dynamic rather than static
  • relational image is not only constituted by relationship with God, but also relationship with others (God created male and female)
  • this view generates our chief end as relational
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15
Q

What is the functional view on the Image of God?

A
  • the image does not consist in the ontological make-up of the person or some set of relationships, but in something man does - the human exercise of dominion over the earth
  • The image of God is actually an image of God as Lord or King (cf. Ps. 8:5-6)
  • This gives rise to the idea of Christ transforming culture as our main task, for this is what it means to be in the image of God
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16
Q

What is the conclusion to the Image of God?

A
  • To be in the image is to be all that God intended for us to be as human persons.
  • Relationship with God is the most fundamental aspect of our humanness
  • Humans as relational, ontological, and functional unities
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17
Q

What is the Image of God in the Fall?

A
  • The image is not erased in the fall
    • this follows from the substantive view
  • The image is damaged in the Fall
    • idk
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18
Q

What is the image of God in Redemption?

A
  • Redemption brings about a new freedom or ability to express the image in the way that it was meant to be expressed
  • Redemption is in Christ - the true image of God (Col. 1:15) - by the Spirit
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19
Q

What are conclusions that are basics to a Biblical anthropology?

A
  • People are Creatures Accountable to God
  • People Made in God’s Image have Dignity and Worth
  • People have a special place in the created order
  • People have many things in common with animals
  • People are made for relationships with God/others
  • People have significant capabilities
  • People are Fallen
  • Redemption Attests to Man’s Worth in God’s Sight
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20
Q

What are two competing anthropologies in psychology?

A
  • Evolutionary naturalism (monism)
  • Humanistic naturalism
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21
Q

What is evolution?

A
  • Basic ideas:
  • Natural selection
  • Variability and inheritance
  • Adaptation
  • Differential survival
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22
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A
  • Attempts to synthesize the guiding principles of evolutionary theory with current formulations of psychological phenomena
    • from studying physical traits to psychological traits/behaviors
  • Focus on resources for reproduction: money, sex, and power
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23
Q

What is evolutionary naturalism (monism)?

A
  • reductionistic
  • influence in research/academic psychology
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24
Q

What is humanistic naturalism?

A
  • Human freedom, transcending biology & environment
  • Influence in Psychotherapy
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25
Q

What is the first characteristic of evolutionary psychology?

A

Psychic unity of humanity
- Belief in a universal human nature
- Humans are more alike than different
- Shared biology and behavioral tendencies
- This is at the level of evolved psychological mechanism, not of expressed cultural behavior
- Result of our history as hunter-gatherers

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26
Q

What is the second characteristic of evolutionary psychology?

A

Past oriented
- Evolved human mind is adapted to the hunter-gatherer life, not contemporary life
- Natural selection takes a long time to sculpt minds
- Today’s dispositions solved survival problems in our ancestral environments
- Phobias - snakes, spiders, heights, darkness, strangers
- Not enough time to adapt to technologies like cars, the internet, cell phones, texting

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27
Q

What is the first assumption of evolutionary anthropology?

A

Materialism
- Humans are “material” creatures
- Complex animal with a bigger brain
- No supernatural or immaterial component
- No transcendence

28
Q

What is the second assumption of evolutionary anthropology?

A

Accidental origins
- Humans are the result of evolution with nothing in mind, randomness, purposeless, accidental
- Contingent environmental pressures on genes:
- It could have been otherwise
- There is nothing mysterious separating us from other species

29
Q

What is the third assumption of evolutionary anthropology?

A

Neutral view of human nature
- Not optimistic about human nature
- Defects are part of our random genetic inheritance
- Focuses on negative (fallen) aspects of human nature:
- Human motives are selfish (power, money, sex)
- Not much true altruism

30
Q

What is the fourth assumption of evolutionary anthropology?

A

Deterministic
- No intentional choices
- Human decisions are based on evolved capacities evolutionary inheritance

31
Q

What is a Christian response to evolutionary anthropology?

A
  • We are both material and immaterial beings: We will survive death with a resurrection body
  • Humans are set apart by God
  • Humans are the result of purposeful divine action, not accidental processes
  • We are made in the image of God, and we are also fallen
    • We are agents of good and/or evil
    • No neutral view (this is just the way it is): warning, contradictory elements in us: Imago Dei and Sin
  • We are adaptive creatures
    • but adaptation is not the entire explanation of our existence
32
Q

What was the Humanistic movement?

A
  • Roots: Classical greek philosophy, Renaissance, modernity
    • Emphasizes dignity and value of human person
  • Reacted against ideas/theologies stressing humanity’s shortcomings
    • Theology that (over)emphasizes human depravity, underemphasizes imago dei
    • Determinism: Lack of freedom
33
Q

What is the first assumption of humanistic anthropology?

A

The primacy of the individual
- The self, by itself, is the focus
- Self actualization
- Individualism, not collectivism
- Authority of the self
- The individual is the locus of authority
- not God, community, one’s marriage, etc…

34
Q

What is the second assumption of humanistic anthropology?

A

Positive view of human nature
- Humans moving toward health
- Given the right conditions for growth
- No view of sin, or depravity, is inherent to humanity
- Restrained by environmental impediments
- conditions of worth from others, parents, culture, etc…

35
Q

What is the third assumption of humanistic anthropology?

A

The Unity of the Individual
- Focus on the ‘whole’ person, ‘whole’ organism
- not break up into parts
- Against Freud’s focus on
- the id, ego, superego
- the ‘holes’ of the self (what is wrong w/ people)

36
Q

What is the fourth assumption of humanistic anthropology?

A

The primacy of phenomenology
- Focus on subjective experience, what you are experiencing;
- Begin with the first person, the I
- Our own experience is the ultimate authority in our life

37
Q

What is the fifth assumption of humanistic anthropology?

A

Self-determinim & responsibility
- Ability to exercise free will
- Responsibility to self and others

38
Q

What are the historical influences on psychology?

A
  • 1st wave: Psychoanalysis
    • Negative view of human nature, pathology
    • Determinism: Our childhood, past,
  • 2nd wave: Behaviorism
    • Neutral view of human nature
    • Determinism: Environment, S to R
  • 3rd wave: Humanism
    • A positive view of human nature
    • Human agency and freedom
39
Q

What was the first humanism in psychology?

A

Carl Rogers
- Religious background
- Attended Union Theological Seminary
- Son of a fundamentalist preacher

40
Q

What was the second humanism in psychology?

A

Model of personality
- Self-actualization - to realize our full potential
- A motivational force for all humanity
- an inherent tendency
- Full potential differs by person

41
Q

What was the third humanism in psychology?

A

Abnormality
- Conditions of worth: when someone other than the self imposes conditions on how an individual is valued or understood to be worthwhile
- People develop pathology
- This makes us ignore our organismic valuing process
- conditions of worth are at odds with the organismic valuing process

42
Q

What was the fourth humanism in psychology?

A

Model of psychotherapy
- Person (client) centered therapy
- not therapist centered therapy
- the client sets the agenda
- Therapist simply facilitates by providing a climate of safety and trust
- A therapeutic relationship is of upmost importance

43
Q

What is a Christian response and critique to humanism in psychology?

A
  • Confirming Ideas with Christianity
    • Christians have a high view of humanity made in the image of God
    • Christ call: care for the “least of these”
      • care about human rights
    • We value growth, becoming like Christ, becoming who God has called us to be
    • We believe in freedom of choice and responsibility to others and to God
  • Challenging idea: Rationality vs emotionality
    • Some Christians: overly rational and suspicious of feelings
  • But awareness of feelings can lead us to be more authentic and honest with God
  • Disagreement/Conflicts with Christianity
    • Rejects God as our ultimate authority
    • Denies sin and our fallen nature
    • Instead of ultimate trust in ourselves we trust in God’s truth
    • Instead of self-fulfillment being our ultimate goal we are to seek after righteousness and to love others as ourselves
    • Roger’s embodies Western Cultural view of self as independent, autonomous, separate from family and God
44
Q

What are the three traditional problems for Christians?

A
  • the world
  • the flesh
  • the devil

Depending on your denomination one of the three was probably emphasized.

45
Q

What is evidence of the demonic world?

A
  • Satan is a created being; his time for exercising his power is short; he is limited in what he can do
  • Scripture lists important obstacles for us
46
Q

What is spiritual discernment?

A
  • demonized persons are thought to possess enormous strength, clairvoyance, levitation, speaking unknown languages
  • responsiveness to the name of Jesus
  • Presence of Supernatural Power
47
Q

What are five common objections to demonization?

A
  1. Demons are part of a pre-scientific view of the world.
  2. The Bible doesn’t emphasize demons.
  3. Demons are only prevalent on the mission field in non-Western countries.
  4. Demonic activity died out in the 2nd century.
  5. Leads to an imbalanced, overly experiential spirituality.
48
Q

What are three approaches of discernment?

A
  • Testing the spirits: where a demon is commanded in the name of Christ to come forth, give its name and rank
  • Behavioral assessment: Carefully examine a person’s behavior, and the contexts in which it arises
  • Spiritual discernment: discusses the ability to discern whether a supernatural manifestation is from God/Holy Spirit/Demonic Spirit/Human Spirit
49
Q

What are practical responses to demonization?

A
  • Jesus, Lord of Angels
  • Indwelling of Christ and the Holy Spirit
  • Armor of God
  • Word of God
  • Prayer (All of Ephesians)
  • Avoidance of the Occult (Deut. 18:9-14)
  • Remember Satan’s fate
50
Q

What are two types of psychopathology associated with demonization?

A
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
  • Psychosis
51
Q

What is dissociative identity disorder?

A
  • Disassociation - A splitting, or fragmenting, of consciousness or identity
    • a type of self-defense
    • Splitting off of emotions, memories, parts of identity
  • A Trauma Disorder in the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual (DSM 5)
  • DSM 5 Criteria
    • 2 or more distinct identities or personality states are present
    • Amnesia - gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information, and/or traumatic event.
    • The person must be distressed by the disorder or have trouble functioning in one or more areas of life
  • Personalities form a protective and coping function
  • Often due to early severe trauma and/or abuse
  • Sub personality have their own memories, behaviors, thoughts, emotions, and sometimes unique abilities
  • A sub-personality can take center stage and function for the person but often have a primary/host personality
  • The average number of personalities: 15 for women and 8 for men
  • 1% of the population, fairly rare
  • Symptomatology that mimics demonism
    • Different personalities can act in different ways
    • Auditory hallucinations & voices of the personalities being heard
    • Some personalities hold intense feelings and can be very dark personalities, even labeled demons
52
Q

What is psychosis?

A
  • Psychosis - a loss of contact with reality
  • Schizophrenia (DSM 5 disorder) - psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, restricted or inappropriate affect, and catatonia
53
Q

What are symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Positive Symptoms - highly exaggerated ideas, perceptions, or actions that show the person can’t tell what’s real from what isn’t.
    • Delusions of (persecution, reference, grandeur, control)
    • Disorganized thinking and speech (loose associations)
    • Heightened perceptions and hallucinations (see and hear things not there)
    • Inappropriate affect
  • Negative Symptoms - absence or lack of normal mental function
    • The poverty of speech, restricted affect, loss of volition, social withdrawal, catatonia
54
Q

What are factors of schizophrenia?

A
  • Biological - the greatest amount of research
    • Genetic (twin and adoption studies)
      • biological sibling (10%)
      • Fraternal Twin (17%)
      • Identical Twin (48%)
      • Child (both parents schizophrenic - 46%)
    • Dopamine - elevated dopamine levels/overstimulated receptor sites
  • Diathesis - stress model
    • Biological predisposition
    • Stress-induced trigger
55
Q

What is symptamatology of psychosis that mimics demonism?

A
  • Delusions of persecution, control, or religious delusions
  • Hallucinations
    • Seeing things that “aren’t there”
    • Hearing voices
  • In a great deal of pain and torment
56
Q

What is a Christian response to the two types of psychopathology associated with demonization?

A
  • Three problems differentiating psychopathology vs. demonization
  • Avoid dichotomous (either/or)
57
Q

What are three problems differentiating psychopathology vs. demonization?

A
  • The problem of overlap
  • The problem of role enactment
  • The problem of co-existence
58
Q

What is the problem of overlap?

A

Nearly every symptom thought to indicate demonic activity is also found in (non-demonic) psychopathology

59
Q

What is the problem of role enactment?

A

People believing that they are “demon-possessed” may act consistently with their understanding of demonic possession

60
Q

What is the problem of co-existence?

A

Psychopathology and demon possession may coexist within the same person with a consequent blending and overlapping of the symptoms

61
Q

What does it mean to avoid dichotomous (either/or)?

A
  • Do not exclude the middle
  • Psychological reasons for mental illness do not invalidate the presence of evil
  • Think holistically
    • The spiritual and physical are inter-related
  • Developmental processes corrupted by original sin?
    • The age of onset of most common psychiatric disorders is between 10 and 20
  • There is no silver bullet to distinguish demonic influence/possession and psychopathology
  • Act ethically
    • Read and understand all we know from psychology
    • Provide evidence-based treatment
    • Do not be coercive - allow for the autonomy of the person
    • Do not deprive a person of physical well-being
62
Q

What are the components of integration?

A
  1. Confirming
  2. Confronting
  3. Clarifying
  4. Y
  5. C
63
Q

What is integration?

A

A process of uncovering meaningful connections between psychology and theology to better understand each of them.

64
Q

What is confirming?

A

Identifying scriptural support for the findings of psychology or vice versa

Examples: Parenting and Marital relationships

65
Q

What is confronting?

A
  • Challenging unbiblical assumptions, theories, and interpretations of psychology from a biblical perspective
    • Confronting goes both ways:
      • Includes challenging inadequate interpretation of Scripture with data from general revelation (psychology)
      • Often conflicts between psychology and theology due to interpretations of psychological data or Scripture

Example of confronting both Biological factors of same sex attraction

66
Q

What is clarifying?

A

Utilizing the data or theories of psychology to clarify the meaning or significance of a biblical passage or principle

Example: Job’s suffering and coping

Psychology 206, Psychology and Christian Thought (1 decks)

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