Exam 3

Question 1

Lecture 35

Question 2

Do ruminants have alveoli? Upper incisors?
What are some exceptions?
What is the cornual process? what is its used?
Where is the temporal line associated with temporal fossa, where does it end?
Are foramina an everyday important ?
Two foramen in one, name and nerves that run through it?

Answer 2

-No upper
-Camelids are an exemption
-Cows use them for defense. Some ruminants have 4
-Temporal line important for surgical procedure. Ends at the cornual process. Large
-Cows have a facial tuberosity, nerve block landmark
-Orbitorotundum two foramina in one. All the nerves that are motor for the eye muscles (CN III, IV, VI) plus CN V2 (trigeminal maxillary, sensory fibers)
ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves..

Question 3

Is the horn a bone? What parts make up the horn?
Should it be removed without anesthesia?
What two techniques can be used to remove the horns?
Are horns and antlers the same?
What are sequela of poor dehorning technique?
What are the frontal sinus parts/compartments?

Answer 3

Yes, it can grow in a weird position or after a fracture it can change growth form
1. Keratin
-Horn tubules
2. Sensitive material
3. Dermis
-Vessels and nerves, between keratin and bone
4. Cornual process of frontal process
5. Cornual diverticulum: communicates with frontal sinus

Techniques for horn removal

-Disbudding: when young to prevent horn tissue from forming
-Dehorning: older animals

-Horns are not the same as antlers: horns are permanent structures, antlers are seasonal structures

-Osteomyelitis, Sinusitis: sequela of bad dehorning, malpractice
-Myasis: infestation with fly larvae bc the frontal sinus is the largest in domestic animals.

Frontal sinus compartments

-Caudal: extends to frontal, occipital, temporal, and cornual process
-Medial
-Rostal

The caudal portion of the frontal sinus opens directly into the Cornual diverticulum

The external compact bone is very close to the internal compact bone

Question 4

Is the maxillary sinus complicated compared to the horse?

What bone extends toward the maxillary sinus and can be damaged during an eye enucleation? what is the sequela?

Answer 4

-One simple space, not divided as in the horse
-In order to get into the maxillary sinus (no facial crest like in horses) but the insertion of the masseter muscle is present, going dorsal to it you can do surgical lavage, open it, etc.

Lacrimal bulla

-It is located ventral to the orbit and expands toward maxillary sinus. It is very delicate bone, it can be damaged during eye enucleation.
-Sequela: may not be noticed, but a week later there would be an abscess
Lacrimal bulla communicates with maxillary sinus, which communicates with nasal cavity, bad for infections

Question 5

What is another structure that produces volume but not necessarily adds weight to the head?

Answer 5

-Palatine sinus: normal opening, normal space

Question 6

Facial muscles

Answer 6

-Zygomaticus m.
-Levator nasolabialis m: doesn’t prehend the grass like in horses, so it doesn’t move the lips
-Depressor labii inferioris m
-Buccinator m: very large muscle, Bucca or Cheek very large (Oral vertibular space)

Question 7

Cranial Nerves
Trigeminal sensory fibers
ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves.

How blocking the cornual nerve differs between small and large ruminants?

What nerve do you need to block to anesthetize upper teeth?

What are the two landmarks to palpate?

Answer 7

-Cornual n. branch of V2
ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves.
Nerve block area of the temporal bone, temporal line, before dehorning. Palpate the temporal line
Small ruminants, block supraorbital nerve (V1 trigeminal ophthalmic) additionally

Infraorbital n. Trigeminal V2

-Sensory for the lateral and dorsal nasal regions and upper lips (not internal structures) The tip of the nose is V1 (Ophthalmic)
-Deep block anesthetizes upper teeth
-Landmark: Naso-incisive notch and facial tuberosity just in the middle of the two

Question 8

Trigeminal n. (V)

Facial n. VII

Answer 8

-Mandibular n. (V3) sensory to inferior alveolar n.
-Buccal n. sensory to cheek, not motor for buccinator, it has Parotid branch of buccal n.

Facial n. VII

-Sensory for auditory canal (deep areas)
-Motor for the facial expression muscles, significant function, facial paralysis.
-Dorsal Buccal branch
-Auriculoparpebral n. : motor for auricular muscles, movement of ears. Runs dorsal to zygomatic arch (landmark for block) useful for prevent blinking, the ear will be also blocked temporarily
-Orbicularis Oculi n. : test palpebral reflex, or
-Ventral buccal of facial n. : runs ventral to the masseter m. and facial vessels
-Ophthalmic n. runs deep in the orbit of the eye, so if want to block it needs to be deep.

Question 9

Lecture 36
Bovine/Ruminant Head

What part of the digestive system is first observed on the head?

What is the name of the papillae that orients food caudally?

Answer 9

-The lips: rigid cornified, usually don’t
-Nasolabial plane: includes the nose and lip upper portion. It has an special pattern like a fingerprint on a human.

Oral Cavity

-Mucosa: it is very rough design to chew very rough food material.
-Vestibule area of mucosa: has papillae, cornified, point caudally, orient the food in that direction. LABIAL and BUCCAL PAPILLAE
-The dental pad: upper receives the lower incisors
-Hard palate: has palate ridges pointy, rough, also orient food.
-Hard palate and Palatine sinus (important location) natural spaces (palatine sinuses)

Question 10

Small ruminant

Answer 10

-Nasal plane is more like a carnivore than bovine
-They have more mobile lips than large ruminants, important role in prehension of food.
-No upper incisors
-Conical papillae (in goat): sea turtles also have them, plastic bags in the ocean get stuck in there.

Question 11

Tongue

Answer 11

Bovine

-It is the main organ for food prehension. Horses and goats use the lips
-Lingual fossa: in front of the lingual torus
-Lingual torus: bump or eminence
-Mucosa of tongue: very though, but in the lingual fossa it is the thinnest. Cattle not eating can be related to objects stuck in the lingual fossa.

Body, Apex (front), Root (caudal)

-Conical papilla
-Lenticular papillae: circular without a ring
-Filiform papillae: super large papillae
-Vallate (circular with a ring around) and fungiform papillae are the sensory ones

Question 12

Salivary Glands

Answer 12

-Produce 10-45 gallons per day (40-150 liters)
-The largest in the mandibular salivary gland. Has vertical portion and horizontal portion that runs between the mandibles ventral portion, can be confused with lymph node (inside and medial).
-Paratoid gland: the paratoid salivary duct runs ventral to the mandible, rostral to the masseter m. crosses the buccinator m and opens on the sublingual caruncle (second molar).
-Buccal salivary glands: between the cheek area, Dorsal, Middle, and Ventral. Dorsal and middle form the zygomatic salivary glands in carnivores.
-Parotid duct:

Question 13

Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx comparative anatomy

Answer 13

-Palatine Tonsils present in oropharynx. Diffuse tissue with a lot of formina, so it has a Tonsillar sinus in ruminants.

Laryngopharynx

-Dorsal to the larynx: formed by pharyngeal constrictor mm.

Question 14

Dental formula

How do you age cattle using eruption dates?

Mandibular Symphysis how is it compared to horses’?

Are bovine brachydont? explain

How do you explore the deeper part of the cows mouth?

Answer 14

Decidous

2(dl 0/4 dC 0/0 dPM3/3) = 20
2(I 0/4 C0/0 PM3/3 M3/3) = 32

**During development, The inferior canine migrates rostrally and gets the shape of an incisor, it gets the name 4 canine **

Eruption Dates

Pairs, remember that

-Incisor 1: 2 years. a.k.a Pinchers
-Incisor 2: 2.5 years a.k.a 1st intermediate pair (see four total incisors)
-Incisor 3: 3.5 years a.k.a 2nd intermediate pair
-Incisor 4: 4 years a.k.a Corners (see 8 total incisors)

Mandibular symphysis

-Always cartilage, not fully fused like in horse

Brachydont

-The crowns wear off almost completely to the neck of the tooth over time, these animals are called “peg mouth” Eventually the tooth falls out

Put the tongue between the promolars, prevents getting injured when putting the hand inside the mouth

Question 15

Lecture 37

Question 16

Nostril in Ruminants, Nasal cavity

Answer 16

Large ruminants

-Nasolabial plane
-Nostril: coma shape, right and less movable
-Nasal septum in bulls and some cows: used to put a ring for restraint/submission training. There is no cartilage in the most rostral portion of the nasal septum. It is a very sensitive area
-Bull holder, nose lead, Nose plier.

Small ruminants

-Slit-like nostril: not like in bovine, more like carnivores’

Nasal cavity

Bovine

-Middle nasal concha: larger than in equine. Have big spaces, so we call them sinuses
-Nasal septum: bony structure caudally, skin and subcatenous tissue in the very rostral portion where the nose holders are used
-Choana: aperture communication between the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Nasogastric tube goes through this space from rostral area to esophagus.
-Pharyngeal septum: extension of the nasal septum but in the middle/dorsal of the nasopharynx, divides it left and right. Location for laryngoscopy
-Soft palate: unlike equine cattle can breath through the mouth thanks to the soft palate.
-Nasopharynx: lateral side there is small apertures (different than equine, guttural pouch) no large opening.
-Pharyngeal septum
-Pharyngeal opening of Auditory tube
-Epiglottis: the apex rests dorsal to the soft palate, unless they are swallowing or breathing through the mouth.
-No vestibular fold, No laryngeal ventricle
-Arytenoid cartilage, vocal fold and vocal process.

Question 17

Larynx

Answer 17

-Epiglottis: not as acute and long as equine. Ruminants is shorter and rounded edge.
-Arytenoid Cartilage, Corniculate process: rounded

Question 18

Vessels of the Head

Answer 18

Common carotid a.

-Internal carotid a.
-External carotid a. is the one that gives most of the branches. Very important, not very long, deep artery. Linguofacial trunk (careful when opening to clean an abscess) gives off the lingual a. and facial a.
-Caudal auricular a. important ear supply, very important.
-Massetric a. caudal border of the animal
-Occipital branch a.
-Superficial temporal a.
-Maxillary a. won’t see it but need to know it is there medial to the mandible. When bleeding might lead to death. Supplies deep structures in the head, mandible, alveoli,
-Rete mirabile epidural: network of capillary vessels in the epidural space at the base of the skull. Theories, helpful blood flow maybe temperature regulator.
-Malar a. (runs ventrally in the orbit) and Infraorbital a. (branch of maxillary): Malar supplies eye orbit. Caution when procedure in the orbit. (Auriculopalpebral nerve, branch of facial n. blocked to prevent blinking, to prevent the pain you block the Opthalmic n. (Trigeminal V1)
-Superficial temporal a. branch of maxillary. Supplies superior and inferior eyelids.
-Cornual a. supplies the horn. When blocking Cornual nerve, make sure you are not injecting into vessels, dangerous.
-Transverse facial a. more visible than facial (unlike equine where can be palpable near zygomatic arch).
-Facial a. and facial vein

Veins

-Linguofacial v.
-Facial v.
-Caudal auricular vein can be very big because the ear is very big (Middle, lateral auricular veins, maybe used for IV drip infusion). Tag piercing caution with injury to veins Hematoma esily sequela (space between skin and cartilage)
-Transverse facial a. bigger than facial (unlike horses).

Question 19

Muscles around jugular vein

Answer 19

Sternocephalicus m.

-Sternomandibularis m.: manibrium of the sternum all the way to the zygomatic arch instead of mandible in goats “sternozygomaticus m.”
-Sternomastoides m. : inserts in the mandible and mastoid process in the skull

Brachiocephalicus m.

-Cleidocephalicus m. mastoid part)

Sternocephalicus m. (sternomandibularis m. )

Lymph Nodes

-Mandibular Ln
-Retropharyngeal Ln
-Prescapular Ln
-Superficial cervical
-Medial retropharyngeal Ln is large, can be palpable especially the lateral, feel the wing of the atlas and go deep toward the pharynx, when inflammation

Question 20

Lecture 38

Question 21

Vision

Answer 21

Eyeball/globe

Adnexa (supporting structures, surrounding the orbit)

-Palpebrae: lid
-Conjunctive: exterior protion of the globe
-Supraorbital fat pad (supraorbital fossa): fairly significant in horses. Indentation above bony portion, fat is deep leaves behind, fossa elevated all the time maybe an indication of a tumor of the adnexa portion.
-Extraocular muscles:
-Lacrimal apparatus

Question 22

Skull comparison

Answer 22

-Incomplete bony orbit in the dog
Acupuncture accidental puncture of the orbit by non-veterinarians
-Complete bony orbit in horse
-Lacrimal bone: significantly enlarged in the horse, especially in the ox. Lacrimal fossa starts, lacrimal bone, and lacrimal bulla orbital space parts. Ocular or enucleation, puncture of lacrimal bulla (thin bone) access the maxillary sinus and complication
-Zygomatic process also part of the bony orbit

Visual field

Location of the eyes on the skull
-Carnivores, cats, dogs: anteriorly located >than horses, ruminants. Binocular field greater which improves depth perception. Can’t see the world behind them
-Horse, ruminants: more lateralized, limited overlap, little binocular vision (3 1/2 ft in front). They can see ahed well and almost 360 degrees around them, blind spot is behind the head, in the middle of the forehead and just below the nose, can’t see the ground under their feet.

Question 23

Vision, Eye

Answer 23

Tunics
-Fibrous: cornea, sclera
-Vascular -“uvea”, choroid, iris, ciliary body

Uvea layer

-Corpora Nigra: normal structures in the horses eye. It is the posterior layer of the iris hooking out through the pupil creating a shelf/umbrella they also move. Ruminants have them but they are smaller. It is not a tumor.

Nervous tunic

-Retina
-Optic disc:
-Fobia centralis: blind spot where most of the light is concentrated in the back of the retina, aging in humans leads to decrease vision due to this.
Horse pupil are oval, blind spot is ventral not in the horizon
-Tapidum lucidum

-Posterior chamber is not the same as posterior segment
-Posterior chamber and anterior chamber are part of the anterior segment.
-Fundus “fundic exam”: posterior segment
-Aqueous humor: produced by the cilliary body of the uvae, flows to posterior chamber, out through pupil into anterior chamber and it can drain at the Iridocorneal angle into the sclera venous sinus.

Question 24

Extraocular muscles

Answer 24

-Dorsal, lateral, medial, ventral rectus mm.
-Dorsal and ventral oblique
-Retractor bulbi

Question 25

Nerves and Regional anesthesia

Answer 25

Nerve blocks

Example: fracture incisor, mental foramen (all the way in, deep) location, blocks the inferior alveoli nerve (stays in the canal and goes rostrally to the teeth).
Space where the teeth are not present, divide it into thirds, the junction between the middle and caudal third you find the mental foramen.

Palpebral lavage ulcer

-Corneal ulcer:
-Minor surgery on upper eyelid:

Question 26

Lecture 40 & 41

Answer 26

Logomorpha: hares and rabbits

Rodentia: rats, mice, chinchillas

Question 27

Rabbits and Rodents

Anatomic Differences

Answer 27

Skin and hair of rabbits

Rabbit

-Skin is very delicate, easily tear or rip when clipping fur. Need good surgical technique when inverting sutures. It is easy to tear skin when shaving.
-Lack footpads
-Pododermatitis risks at points of the hock and tips of third phalanges
-They have night and day feces, leads to infections on pes, sometimes on manus.
Female: dove, male: buck*

-Scent glands: important to keep them clean similar to anal glands on dogs. chin gland, perineal, inguinal glands.

Techniques to avoid predation

-Cornea of eye: lateral position of eye globe in skull, wide field by O.U (ocular universal = both eyes) only 9% blind zone behind their head. Poor binocular vision, 27%
O.D = ocular dexter, right eye
O.S = ocular sinister, left eye

Question 28

Teeth & Oral cavity Logomorph

Answer 28

-Upper archades (left and right). Peg teeth (left and right) caudal to upper incisor. Opposition to lower incisor, prevents pathology development. They need to occlude correctly, otherwise malalignment, Leodont = continous growth of teeth. They may need to be extracted if interfering/causing disease.
-Rabbit skull is like a horse skull in miniature. When they chew they are moving the mandible Hysodont teeth, different wear patterns, can get abnormal points on either archade.
-Miniature tools to float their teeth, like in horses.

Question 29

GI tract Hindgut fermentation method

Answer 29

-Simple stomach, single chamber
-Hindgut fermentation
-Large cecum
-Orad: close to oral cavity. Aborad: away from oral cavity
-Small intestine, duedenum, jejunum, ileum
Question, order and identify correct order of ingesta Esophagus before stomach, etc.

Abdominal cavity

-Check occlusal surface of teeth, understand the angle.
A. Stomach
B. SI
C. Cecum
D. Ileum
E. Colon

Question: where fermentation is going on

Coprophagy: when animal eats their own feces “night feces”
Night feces: with moisture portion vs. dry portion .
Day feces: get ignored, not consumed
Caecotroph: moist blackish pellets

Question 30

Rabbit Reproduction

Answer 30

Female including blood supply

-

Question Inguinal external genitalia

A. vulva
B. inguinal scent glands
C. Anus
When they are born it is hard to tell female from male. Distance between anus and vulva is shorten than in males