Exam 3 (13-18) Flashcards
1
Q
What is the old agricultural Theory?
A
- earliest farmers lived in the Fertile Crescent
- believed to start have started from one group, but as people moved and they travelled they traded genes and info
2
Q
What is the modern agricultural theory?
A
- it independently started in Iran, the Levant, and Anatolia which just allows it to spread into Europe, North Africa, and Central Asia.
3
Q
What was does agriculture facilitate?
A
it facilitates hunter-gatherers, agriculture develops, and larger sedentary populations
- but this may also be untrue because in southwest Asia sedentary populations were able to develop without agriculture (this is the exception)
4
Q
Why did agriculture only develop at the end of the Pleistocene?
A
because of climate change (the ice age ended), as well as some relation to geography
5
Q
What is the first city? (Turkey)
A
Catalhoyuk
- they grew grains, such as wheat, barley, flax, and lentils which they would also sometimes use for textiles
- they domesticated sheep and goat, but they also hunted wild animals
- housing structures had no doors
- they would also bury their dead under the bed platforms ( which prioritizes the dead)
- they had elaborate paintings and shrines
- they would use their houses for domestic and ritualistic reasons
- obsidian which was used for stone tools
6
Q
Neolithic China
A
- origin of agriculture now appears to be in North and South Asia
- sharp-bottom ceramic that is stuck in the ground
- weaving clothing from silk and hemp
- from the burials we see that it is a matrilineal society
- may have developed the first form of writing on the Shang dynasty
7
Q
Olmecs
A
- gave rise to the Maya, Aztecs, and the pre-columbian civilizations of Mexico
- no written records
- colossal heads–>the head alone bore the soul
- they worshipped the animals around them, mixing them and even
- the Ball Game–>religious significance, humans sacrifices
8
Q
Maya
A
- southern Mexico and northern Guatemala
- busy metropolis
- they had causeway systems, that would lead to their being travel systems even when the floor is muddy
- the height of the Maya civilization in which they perfected mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and visual arts and also refined and perfected the calendar.
- perfect precision
- they created the concept of “zero”
- Mayan Math: base 20 system, place system value, this allows them to do calendar calculations, astronomy, and architecture
9
Q
Aztecs
A
- Tenochtitlan
- episodes of drought, which made it bad for agriculture
- they rules over 500 small states, 5-6million people
highly developed socially, intellectually, and artistically - high social stratification; this is seen from the architecture from the 4 districts
- large sacred precinct in the middle of the city
- palace was built with carved stones, stucco, and intricate murals
- they had very intricate water irrigations systems because they needed clean water; this allowed for water to be all over the city
10
Q
Caral (oldest city in the Americas- Peru)
A
- they had a central amphitheater which had musical instruments in it– could be important
- there was stratified social structures– well-kept pyramids, ground-level complexes for craftsmen, shabbier outlying shantytowns
- they had increased specialization due to no longer having to worry about food
- Irrigation system: diverted river water to irrigate crops
- Surplus and Trade: due to surplus of products they were able to create a trading network
11
Q
Nazca
A
- 25k people spread across small villages- terraced hillsides
- geoglyphs which would be walked on for religious rites –> can only be seen aerially
12
Q
Andean Heights
A
- made the first stone giants that aligned with sunrise and midday sun
- irrigration created for crops via canals- made it capable to sustan population growth
- tiwanaku is a sacred precinct which has a stone that depicts a “God”/ruler
- fell due to excessive droughts brought about by regional climate change
13
Q
Incas
A
- grew very quickly and the people that spoke the language dominated everything
- capital was cuzco
- trade systems that were built using llamas and porters
- they had a relay system across trade routes that allowed runners to transfer info
- brought benefits such as food distribution in times of environmental of environmental disaster, storage facilities, state-sponsored projects, religious feats, roads, military assitance and luxury goods, and especially art objects
- stone masons that were able to incorporate, they have easily withstood the powerful earthquake which frequently hit the region
- ceramics
14
Q
How are you able to tell when populations split up?
A
demographic modeling can be used with ancient DNA
Ex: in the highland the population that were adapted to low oxygen levels in the highlands, led to hypoxia. highlanders were also genetically adapted to eat foods high in strach because that is what they grew.
15
Q
Uruk
A
- the most influential city in mesopotamia
- birth of architecture, slowly developed
- would use cement to be able to build “stone-cone buildings”
- have two regions the Eanna (new) and he Anu(old), which seperated by a wall
- more permanent accounting practices when trade became more large scale –> clay was used –> used cuneiform
- trade goods: barley, cloth, pottery, asphalt
- each person had a cylinder seal which emphasizes the importance of the individual
15
Q
Cuneiform
A
- def: a carefully cut writing implement known as a stylus is pressed into soft clay to produce wedge-like impressions
- behistun inscription: most crucial in the decipherment of a perviously lost script
16
Q
Indus Valley
A
- ancient civilization located in current day pakistan
- fertile flood plain
- highly developed city life; well-planned urbanization system
- underground drainage system
- writing system that people are unable to decipher
- binary system using cubes of different weights - used for trade and taxation
- relatively egalitarian
- religion may have allowed the system to work while there was no social or political heirarchy
- collapsed due to great floods
17
Q
Ancient China
A
- large villages with up to 100 houses
- burials become more elaborate for “Elite” individuals
- jade becomes associated with certains homes and burials (may show status)
- bronzework was used for ritualistic/ war reasons
- great flood lead to a myth for as to why there was a need for centralized rule
18
Q
Angkor
A
- home to hundreds of temples and shrines built between the seventh and sixteenth centuries
- most iconic temples
- the Khmer ruler
- agricultural failure, silting of the barays, outside attack from the thai
- road systems radiating from the capital; the roads would block off drainage channels that created reservoirs
- the water system was also able to be used for transportation
- had very delineated what seem like city quarters
19
Q
Ancient Egypt
A
- home to early agricultural societies that cultivated a variety of crops an domesticated animals
- crops: wheat, barley, lentils, flax, figs, date, papyrus
- animals: cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and donkeys
- hierakonpolis was one of the first major urban centers in egypt-> centralized rule
- evidence of mumification and artifacts within graves
- also had breweries that indicates an organized economy–> early forms of brewery
- later unified and was far larger and more complex than any city-state in Mesopotamia
- Memphis was the center because it was between Upper and Lower Egypt; controlled ley land and river routes allowing economic and military advantages
- the development of the step pyramid which used limestone blocks (usually tombs)
- materials for pyramids came from areas like lebanon, sinai, Aswan, and Nubia
- people were skilled in architecture, surgery, accounting, geometry, and astronomy (most people were peasant farmers)
19
Q
The three types of Glyphs
A
- Logograms: represneting words
- Phonograms: representing sounds
- Determinatives: symbols placed at the end of the word to help clarify its meaning
- Demotic: common spcript of daily Egyptian use
- Greek
Jean- Francois deciphered hieroglyphs using the Rosetta stone
20
Q
A
